Communications
Core framework
Communications questions test standard phraseology, radio procedures and emergency communication. Know the phonetic alphabet, standard readback, and the correct use of frequencies.
Concepts to master
Standard phraseology: "say again," "standby," "roger," "wilco," "affirm," "negative." Readback requirements for clearances. Distress (MAYDAY) vs urgency (PAN PAN). Emergency frequencies (121.5 MHz). Transponder codes (7500 hijack, 7600 radio failure, 7700 emergency). Radio failure procedures. Understand the importance of clear, concise transmissions and the sterile cockpit.
Traps
- Confusing MAYDAY (distress) with PAN PAN (urgency).
- Mixing transponder codes 7500/7600/7700.
- Forgetting that readback is required for clearances and runway instructions.
- Using non-standard phraseology under stress.
Rule of thumb
"MAYDAY = grave and imminent danger; PAN PAN = urgency but no immediate danger." Use the correct prefix first - it sets the priority.
Worked example
Radio failure in controlled airspace: squawk 7600, continue according to the last clearance or the published radio-failure procedure, and land as soon as practicable.