ABO Advanced flashcards
ABO Advanced · Build recall with a focused review session.
31 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Snellen visual acuity
- A fraction expressing the test distance over the distance at which a normal eye could identify the optotype; 20/40 means a letter readable at 40 feet is read at 20 feet.
- LogMAR notation
- A logarithmic acuity scale where LogMAR equals the base-10 log of the Snellen denominator divided by 20; each 0.1 step equals one line of acuity.
- Spherical equivalent formula
- Sphere power plus half the cylinder power. It estimates the single spherical lens that approximates a toric prescription and is used for contact lens estimates.
- Pinhole acuity test
- A stenopeic aperture reduces blur circles from defocus. Improvement with pinhole suggests refractive error; no improvement suggests ocular or neural pathology.
- Tear film breakup time
- Interval in seconds between a complete blink and the first dry spot in the fluorescein-stained tear film. Values under 10 seconds support evaporative dry eye.
- Goldmann tonometry assumption
- Applanation tonometry calibrated for a central corneal thickness of 545 microns; thinner corneas yield underestimated and thicker corneas overestimated intraocular pressure readings.
- Cup-to-disc ratio
- Ratio of optic cup diameter to optic disc diameter. Enlargement, asymmetry, rim thinning, or disc hemorrhage raises suspicion of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
- Amsler grid purpose
- A grid used to screen the central visual field for macular disease; reported distortion, called metamorphopsia, suggests macular edema or epiretinal membrane.
- Direct ophthalmoscopy image
- Produces an upright, unreversed virtual image with roughly 15x magnification in an emmetropic eye; magnification increases in myopic and decreases in hyperopic eyes.
- Keratoconus topography signs
- Corneal topography shows inferior steepening, a skewed radial axis, and asymmetric bowtie patterns in keratoconus, often before slit lamp findings appear.
- AC/A ratio
- Accommodative convergence measured in prism diopters per diopter of accommodation. Normal is roughly 4:1 to 6:1; high values suggest convergence excess.
- Alternate cover test
- A dissociation test that alternately occludes each eye to break fusion, revealing the total deviation including latent and manifest components.
- Von Graefe phoria technique
- Uses a vertical dissociating prism before one eye and a horizontal measuring prism before the other to quantify distance and near phorias subjectively.
- Aniseikonia definition
- A perceived difference in image size between the two eyes, often arising from anisometropia or unequal spectacle magnification, and a cause of asthenopia.
- Normal intraocular pressure range
- Approximately 10 to 21 mmHg in adults. IOP is a modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, not a diagnostic criterion by itself.
- Stereopsis threshold
- The finest disparity detectable as depth. A threshold near 40 arcseconds on the Randot test indicates fine binocular stereoacuity.
- Informed consent elements
- Disclosure of the nature of the procedure, material risks, benefits, alternatives, and the right to refuse, documented in the clinical record.
- HIPAA minimum necessary rule
- Protected health information disclosure is limited to the minimum needed for the purpose, except for treatment, payment, and certain authorized operations.
- Continuing education licensure
- State boards set CE hour requirements and renewal cycles, commonly every two years; noncompliance can result in license suspension or reinstatement fees.
- Clinical record retention
- Medical records must be legible, dated, authenticated, and retained per state statute, often at least seven to ten years after the last encounter.
- Evidence-based practice triad
- Clinical decisions integrate the best available research evidence, clinician expertise, and patient values, preferences, and circumstances.
- Root cause analysis
- A structured review after a sentinel event that identifies system and process failures contributing to harm, rather than assigning individual blame.
- Optometric scope of practice
- State law defines permitted activities, including topical and oral medications, injections, and laser procedures, and varies widely across jurisdictions.
- Peer review function
- Structured clinician review of care quality and outcomes that identifies practice gaps and supports quality improvement and credentialing decisions.
- Morbidity and mortality conference
- A recurring case-review forum examining adverse outcomes to identify system failures and translate findings into practice changes.
- Delegation and supervision rules
- State law specifies which tasks may be delegated to technicians and the level of supervision required, such as direct versus general supervision.
- Mandatory reporting obligations
- Clinicians must report specified conditions such as suspected child abuse or certain communicable diseases per state statute, overriding usual confidentiality.
- Standard of care definition
- The degree of care and skill a reasonably prudent clinician with similar training would provide under similar circumstances in the same community.
- Documentation of refusal
- When a patient declines recommended care, the clinician records the discussion, risks explained, and the patient's informed decision in the chart.
- Interprofessional referral
- Coordinated transfer of care to another provider, with communication of relevant findings, to ensure continuity and avoid duplicated or conflicting treatment.
- Cultural humility in practice
- A lifelong process of self-reflection and openness to patient cultural identity that improves communication, trust, and adherence to treatment plans.