ABO Ophthalmology flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Limbal stem cell deficiency

Loss of limbal stem cells causing conjunctivalization of the cornea, recurrent erosions, and a dull corneal reflex; treat with limbal stem cell transplantation.

Acanthamoeba keratitis

Contact lens-associated infection with severe pain, radial keratoneuritis, and ring infiltrate; diagnosed by culture on non-nutrient agar with E. coli overlay.

Mooren ulcer

Painful peripheral corneal ulcer with an overhanging edge and no scleral involvement; treated with topical steroids and systemic immunosuppression.

Acute angle-closure glaucoma

Mid-dilated fixed pupil, hazy cornea, and very high IOP with nausea; treated with aqueous suppressants, pilocarpine after IOP lowering, and systemic acetazolamide.

Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma

Dandruff-like material on the lens capsule and pupillary margin with weak zonules and rapid glaucoma progression; capsular tension devices may be needed at surgery.

Normal-tension glaucoma

Progressive glaucomatous optic neuropathy with IOP in the normal range; evaluate for nocturnal hypotension, sleep apnea, and vasospasm.

Central retinal artery occlusion

Sudden painless monocular vision loss with a cherry-red macula and boxcarring; it is a stroke equivalent requiring urgent systemic evaluation.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Retinal detachment caused by a retinal tear allowing fluid into the subretinal space; presents with flashes, floaters, and a visual curtain.

Macular hole

Full-thickness defect of the fovea with a cuff of subretinal fluid; stage 3-4 lesions are treated with vitrectomy, ILM peeling, and gas tamponade.

ROP screening criteria

Infants born before 30 weeks or weighing under 1500 g are screened starting at 4-6 weeks postnatal age or 31 weeks postmenstrual age.

Giant cell arteritis

Age over 50 with headache, jaw claudication, and elevated ESR/CRP; give high-dose corticosteroids immediately and biopsy within two weeks to prevent vision loss.

Horner syndrome

Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis from sympathetic pathway disruption; a new Horner syndrome warrants imaging to exclude carotid dissection or mass.

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

Impaired adduction on the affected side with abducting nystagmus, from a medial longitudinal fasciculus lesion; commonly multiple sclerosis or stroke.

Afferent pupillary defect

Asymmetric pupillary constriction during the swinging flashlight test, indicating optic nerve or severe retinal disease on the affected side.

Leukocoria differential

White pupillary reflex causes include retinoblastoma, congenital cataract, persistent fetal vasculature, Coats disease, and toxocariasis; retinoblastoma must be excluded first.

Accommodative esotropia

Inward deviation driven by uncorrected hyperopia and accommodation; often corrected with hyperopic glasses, with surgery if the deviation persists.

Congenital glaucoma

Enlarged cornea, tearing, photophobia, and elevated IOP in an infant from trabeculodysgenesis; requires urgent surgical management to preserve vision.

Orbital cellulitis

Fever, proptosis, pain, and restricted eye movement from orbital infection; requires urgent imaging and IV antibiotics, with drainage if an abscess forms.

Orbital compartment syndrome

Tense orbit with proptosis and vision loss after trauma or surgery; emergent lateral canthotomy and cantholysis is sight-saving.

Basal cell carcinoma

Pearly nodule with telangiectasia and the most common eyelid malignancy; Mohs surgery preserves tissue in the periocular region.

Posterior synechiae

Adhesions between the iris and lens that form in uveitis; cycloplegics prevent formation and can break early adhesions.

Sympathetic ophthalmia

Bilateral granulomatous panuveitis after penetrating trauma to one eye; enucleation within two weeks of injury reduces the risk.

Toxoplasmosis retinochondritis

Focal necrotizing retinitis adjacent to a pigmented scar; vision-threatening lesions are treated with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.

Endophthalmitis after cataract surgery

Acute pain and vision loss after cataract surgery from intraocular infection; treat with intravitreal antibiotics and vitrectomy for severe cases.

Posterior capsule opacification

Clouding of the posterior lens capsule after cataract surgery causing decreased vision; treated with Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy when visually significant.

Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy

Corneal edema from endothelial damage after cataract surgery; may require endothelial keratoplasty if vision is significantly affected.

Corneal ectasia after LASIK

Progressive corneal thinning and steepening after refractive surgery; screen with topography and pachymetry for forme fruste keratoconus before operating.

Snellen acuity definition

20/20 means a letter subtends 5 minutes of arc at 20 feet; 20/40 is a common threshold for driving standards.

Uveal melanoma

Most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults; treat with plaque brachytherapy or enucleation and monitor for liver metastasis.

Retinoblastoma histology

Most common intraocular malignancy of childhood; histology shows Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes and requires genetic counseling for RB1 mutation.

Topical beta-blocker cautions

Beta-blockers reduce aqueous production but are contraindicated in asthma and heart block; betaxolol is beta-1 selective with less pulmonary effect.

Perioperative endophthalmitis prophylaxis

Topical povidone-iodine is the most effective single measure for preventing endophthalmitis after intraocular surgery.