ABOP Diplomate flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Odontogenic keratocyst histology

Parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium 6-8 cells thick with a palisaded, hyperchromatic basal layer and corrugated luminal surface; satellite cysts and PTCH1 mutations are common.

Verrucous carcinoma features

Well-differentiated squamous proliferation with broad pushing rete ridges, minimal cytologic atypia, and no true invasion; distinguished from conventional squamous cell carcinoma by its bland cytology.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis markers

Proliferation of Langerhans cells with grooved coffee-bean nuclei and eosinophils; immunohistochemistry shows CD1a and Langerin (CD207) positivity, with S100 also positive.

Pemphigus vulgaris immunopathology

IgG autoantibodies against desmoglein 1 and 3 cause suprabasal acantholysis and intraepithelial clefting; direct immunofluorescence shows intercellular IgG and C3 in a net-like pattern.

Oral lichen planus features

Bilateral white Wickham striae with a band-like T-lymphocytic infiltrate at the epithelial-connective tissue interface; malignant transformation risk is approximately 1% per year.

Mucous membrane pemphigoid

Subepithelial blistering disease with linear IgG and C3 along the basement membrane; ocular involvement can cause scarring and blindness, requiring systemic immunosuppression.

Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor rule

Benign odontogenic tumor following the two-thirds rule: two-thirds occur in the anterior maxilla, two-thirds in females, and two-thirds are associated with an impacted canine.

Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor

Pindborg tumor composed of polyhedral epithelial cells with amyloid deposits and Liesegang ring calcifications; most common in the mandibular premolar-molar region.

Odontogenic myxoma radiology

Benign mesenchymal tumor showing soap-bubble or tennis-racket multilocular radiolucency; histologically hypocellular with abundant myxoid stroma and scattered odontogenic epithelium.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma genetics

Malignant salivary tumor with mucinous, intermediate, and epidermoid cells; characterized by MAML2-CRTC1 fusion and graded by architecture, atypia, and mitotic activity.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma pattern

Cribriform Swiss-cheese architecture with basaloid cells and perineural invasion; MYB-NFIB fusion is characteristic, and late distant metastasis is common.

Secretory carcinoma fusion

Low-grade salivary carcinoma with ETV6-NTRK3 fusion, S100 and mammaglobin positivity; formerly called mammary analogue secretory carcinoma.

Warthin tumor features

Benign parotid tumor with oncocytic bilayered epithelium and lymphoid stroma containing germinal centers; strongly associated with cigarette smoking and occurs in the parotid tail.

Fibrous dysplasia histology

GNAS-mutated fibro-osseous lesion with ground-glass radiopacity; irregular woven bone trabeculae lack osteoblastic rimming and show a Chinese-character pattern in fibrous stroma.

Ossifying fibroma distinction

Well-circumscribed fibro-osseous lesion with bone and cementum-like spherules rimmed by osteoblasts; distinguished from fibrous dysplasia by circumscription and osteoblastic rimming.

Cherubism genetics

Bilateral multilocular jaw radiolucencies in children caused by SH3BP2 mutation; lesions are self-limiting and typically regress after puberty.

Brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism

Multinucleated giant cell lesion of bone driven by elevated PTH and calcium; histologically indistinguishable from central giant cell granuloma, so serum chemistry is required.

Schwannoma histology

Encapsulated nerve sheath tumor with Antoni A areas containing Verocay bodies and Antoni B myxoid areas; diffusely S100 positive and benign.

Kaposi sarcoma oral lesions

HHV-8 driven vascular tumor with slit-like spaces and spindle cells; oral palatal lesions are common in HIV/AIDS and confirmed by HHV-8 immunohistochemistry.

Nodular fasciitis behavior

Rapidly growing benign myofibroblastic proliferation with tissue-culture-like spindle cells and extravasated red cells; self-limiting and often managed by conservative excision.

Burkitt lymphoma translocation

High-grade B-cell lymphoma with starry-sky histology and MYC translocation t(8;14); endemic form frequently involves the jaw in African children.

Merkel cell carcinoma markers

Neuroendocrine skin carcinoma with dot-like CK20 positivity and neuroendocrine markers; associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus and aggressive clinical behavior.

Basal cell carcinoma histology

Nests of basaloid cells with peripheral palisading, clefting from surrounding stroma, and peritumoral mucin; most common skin malignancy of the head and neck.

p16 in oropharyngeal carcinoma

Strong diffuse p16 overexpression is a surrogate for HPV-driven oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma; confirmation with HPV in situ hybridization or PCR is recommended.

DOG1 utility

Immunohistochemical marker positive in acinic cell carcinoma and salivary acinar differentiation; also positive in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

SOX10 versus S100

SOX10 is a nuclear neural crest marker with greater sensitivity than S100 in spindle cell melanomas and schwannomas; S100 is more broadly positive in other lesions.

Formalin fixation parameters

Routine processing uses 10% neutral buffered formalin at approximately 10:1 fixative-to-tissue ratio for 6-48 hours; under- or overfixation degrades immunohistochemistry.

CLIA laboratory complexity

CLIA categorizes tests as waived, moderate, or high complexity; director qualification requirements increase with complexity, and high-complexity testing requires documented oversight.

Critical value read-back

Critical results require immediate notification to the responsible clinician with documented read-back verification of the value and recipient identity.

Sensitivity and specificity formulas

Sensitivity equals true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives; specificity equals true negatives divided by true negatives plus false positives.

Number needed to treat

NNT is the reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction between treatment and control groups; it estimates how many patients must be treated for one additional benefit.

Intention-to-treat analysis

Analysis that includes all randomized participants in their assigned groups regardless of adherence; preserves the benefits of randomization and reduces attrition bias.