ABOS Orthopaedic Sports Medicine flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Bankart lesion

An avulsion of the anteroinferior glenoid labrum that is associated with anterior shoulder instability and often produces a positive apprehension test.

Hill-Sachs lesion

A posterolateral humeral head impaction fracture created when the dislocated humeral head impacts the anterior glenoid; it is commonly seen after anterior shoulder dislocation.

Posterior shoulder dislocation

A shoulder dislocation often caused by seizures or electric shock; radiographs may show a lightbulb sign or trough line, and the arm is typically held in internal rotation.

Suprascapular nerve entrapment

Compression at the suprascapular notch weakens supraspinatus and infraspinatus; compression at the spinoglenoid notch affects infraspinatus only, causing external rotation weakness and posterior shoulder pain.

Moving valgus stress test

A provocative test for ulnar collateral ligament injury in which the examiner applies valgus stress while rapidly moving the elbow from flexion to extension; pain near 70 to 120 degrees is positive.

Capitellar osteochondritis dissecans

A focal articular cartilage and subchondral bone lesion of the capitellum that occurs in young gymnasts and throwers and causes lateral elbow pain, clicking, and locking.

Nursemaid elbow

Radial head subluxation after axial traction on a pronated arm; the child avoids using the arm, and reduction is performed by pronation and flexion of the forearm.

Scaphoid fracture

A carpal fracture after a fall on an outstretched hand; snuffbox tenderness is common, the proximal pole is at risk for avascular necrosis, and initial radiographs may be negative.

Gamekeeper thumb

An injury to the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint after forced radial deviation; a Stener lesion occurs when the ligament end displaces superficial to the adductor aponeurosis.

Hook of hamate fracture

A fracture seen in baseball and golf athletes after direct palmar trauma or repetitive grip; it causes ulnar-sided palm pain and ulnar nerve symptoms, and computed tomography is often needed.

Cam impingement

A femoral head-neck deformity that abuts the acetabular rim during hip flexion and rotation; an increased alpha angle on imaging supports the diagnosis and labral tearing may coexist.

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

A proximal femoral physeal slip in adolescents, often obese, that may present with knee or thigh pain; frog-leg lateral radiographs show the slip, and unstable slips need urgent stabilization.

Athletic pubalgia

Chronic groin pain in athletes caused by injury to the abdominal wall, adductor attachment, or pubic symphysis; examination may reproduce pain with resisted adduction or abdominal crunch.

Lachman test

A knee examination test for anterior cruciate ligament integrity performed with the knee near 20 to 30 degrees flexion; increased anterior tibial translation with a soft endpoint is positive.

Posterior sag sign

A sign of posterior cruciate ligament insufficiency in which the tibia visibly drops backward relative to the femur when the hip and knee are flexed to 90 degrees.

Bucket-handle meniscus tear

A displaced longitudinal meniscal tear whose inner fragment lodges in the intercondylar notch; it often causes a locked knee and may show a double posterior cruciate ligament sign on MRI.

Patellar tendon rupture

Disruption of the tendon connecting the patella to the tibial tubercle; it causes patella alta, an inability to actively extend the knee, and a palpable gap.

Anterior talofibular ligament

The most commonly injured ligament in lateral ankle sprains; it is assessed with the anterior drawer test and is stressed by plantar flexion and inversion.

Jones fracture

A fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal in the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction; it is prone to nonunion because of poor blood supply and must be distinguished from an avulsion fracture.

Lisfranc injury

Disruption of the tarsometatarsal joint complex, often after midfoot twisting or crush; a fleck sign or widening between the first and second metatarsal bases suggests the diagnosis.

Spondylolysis

A stress fracture of the pars interarticularis, common in young athletes who perform repetitive extension; extension provokes pain, and oblique radiographs may show a Scotty dog collar defect.

Burner syndrome

A transient unilateral stinger injury from brachial plexus traction or cervical root compression; it causes burning arm pain and weakness, usually resolving within minutes without bilateral symptoms.

Cauda equina syndrome

Compression of the lumbosacral nerve roots causing saddle anesthesia, bowel or bladder dysfunction, and bilateral leg weakness; it is a surgical emergency requiring urgent imaging.

Concussion

A traumatic brain injury with transient neurologic symptoms after biomechanical forces; same-day return to play is not allowed, and return to learn should precede return to sport.

Second impact syndrome

Rare catastrophic brain swelling after a second head injury before recovery from an initial concussion; prevention requires complete symptom resolution and stepwise return before contact sport.

Orbital blowout fracture

A facial fracture after blunt orbital trauma; inferior rectus entrapment can cause diplopia and restricted upward gaze, and numbness may follow infraorbital nerve injury.

Primary bone healing

Healing without callus through direct osteonal remodeling when fracture fragments are rigidly compressed; it requires anatomic reduction and stable fixation and is seen with compression plating.

Hyaline cartilage

Avascular connective tissue covering articular surfaces; it contains type II collagen and proteoglycans, has limited healing capacity, and derives nutrition mainly from synovial fluid.

Tendon healing phases

Tendon repair proceeds through inflammation, fibroplasia, and remodeling; the initial inflammatory phase lasts days, fibroplasia produces type III collagen, and remodeling gradually restores tensile strength.

ACL return-to-sport criteria

Before return after ACL reconstruction, athletes commonly need at least 9 months, quadriceps strength above 90 percent of the opposite limb, and passing hop tests.

Eccentric exercise

A rehabilitation loading method that lengthens muscle-tendon units under tension; it is used for tendinopathy and can improve tendon load tolerance and pain over weeks.

Neuromuscular training

A prevention program combining balance, plyometrics, and controlled landing mechanics; it reduces anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in athletes, especially when performed regularly before and during the season.