ABPTS WMS flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Modified Oxford Scale
- A 0-5 manual grading of pelvic floor muscle contraction: grade 0 is no contraction and grade 5 is a strong squeeze with lift and a positive hold against resistance.
- PERFECT scheme
- A pelvic floor assessment mnemonic recording Power, Endurance in seconds, Repetitions, Fast contractions, Every Contraction Timed, and Total time to standardize documentation.
- POP-Q stage 2
- Pelvic organ prolapse whose leading edge lies within 1 cm of the hymen, above or below; stage 2 is the most common symptomatic presentation.
- Levator avulsion grading
- A three-level system where 0 indicates no detachment, 1 indicates partial detachment less than 50 percent, and 2 indicates complete detachment greater than 50 percent.
- Post-void residual threshold
- A post-void residual volume above roughly 100 to 150 mL suggests incomplete bladder emptying and warrants further medical evaluation before continence training.
- PFMT dosing
- Pelvic floor muscle training for stress incontinence typically requires at least 8 contractions, 3 sets daily, sustained for 8 to 12 weeks to produce therapeutic benefit.
- Knack maneuver
- A voluntary pelvic floor muscle contraction performed just before and during a cough or effort to raise urethral pressure and reduce stress urinary leakage.
- Bladder training protocol
- Timed voiding with gradually lengthened intervals, often 30 to 60 minute increments, combined with urge suppression to increase functional bladder capacity.
- Electrical stimulation frequencies
- Pelvic floor stimulation uses roughly 35 to 50 Hz for strengthening and 10 to 20 Hz for urge suppression, with pulse widths around 200 to 300 microseconds.
- Hypopressive exercise
- A breathing and postural technique using diaphragmatic apnea and abdominal vacuum to lower intra-abdominal pressure; used cautiously when prolapse is symptomatic.
- Thiele massage
- A manual therapy technique applying gentle sustained pressure along the levator ani and puborectalis through the rectum or vagina to reduce pelvic floor hypertonicity.
- Pessary types
- Support devices including ring, cube, and Gellhorn shapes, selected based on prolapse stage, vaginal support, and patient comfort for prolapse or incontinence.
- Pelvic girdle pain diagnosis
- Pain between the iliac crests and gluteal fold, reproduced by provocation tests such as the posterior pelvic pain provocation, FABER, Gaenslen, and active straight leg raise.
- Diastasis recti threshold
- An inter-recti distance exceeding about 2 cm at the umbilicus or 2.7 cm at 4.5 cm above the umbilicus is considered abnormal.
- FAIR test
- Flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of the hip reproduces buttock pain in piriformis syndrome, supporting the diagnosis alongside sciatic notch tenderness.
- Nantes criteria
- Diagnostic criteria for pudendal neuralgia including pain in the pudendal nerve territory, worse with sitting, and relieved by standing or lying.
- Coccydynia
- Pain at the coccyx often associated with lateral deviation or hypermobility; managed with mobilization, cushioning, and pelvic floor relaxation.
- Vulvodynia classification
- Provoked, unprovoked, or mixed pain of the vulva without clear identifiable cause; managed with desensitization, downtraining, and graded exposure.
- Supine exercise limit
- After about 20 weeks gestation, supine exercise should be avoided because the gravid uterus can compress the vena cava and reduce venous return.
- Perineal tear classification
- First degree involves skin and vaginal mucosa, second involves perineal muscles, third involves anal sphincter, and fourth involves anal epithelium.
- Third-degree tear subgrades
- 3a indicates less than 50 percent external anal sphincter involvement, 3b indicates greater than 50 percent, and 3c indicates internal anal sphincter involvement.
- Postpartum assessment timing
- Pelvic floor examination is generally deferred until about 6 weeks after vaginal delivery and 8 to 12 weeks after cesarean or complicated delivery.
- Perineal massage timing
- Perineal massage begun around 34 weeks gestation reduces the risk of perineal trauma requiring sutures in nulliparous women.
- Return to running postpartum
- General guidance suggests waiting at least 12 weeks postpartum with progressive loading and pelvic floor clearance before resuming high-impact running.
- Stress urinary incontinence
- Involuntary urine loss on effort, coughing, or sneezing due to increased intra-abdominal pressure exceeding urethral closure pressure.
- Overactive bladder syndrome
- Urgency with frequency greater than 8 voids per day and nocturia at least once nightly, with or without urge incontinence.
- Pelvic floor hypertonicity
- Overactive pelvic floor muscle tone presenting with dyspareunia, dysuria, and difficulty relaxing; managed with downtraining and relaxation rather than strengthening.
- Pelvic organ prolapse symptoms
- Vaginal bulge, heaviness, and splinting, which correlate poorly with POP-Q stage and are better predicted by symptom burden.
- Informed consent elements
- Disclosure of risks, benefits, and alternatives plus the right to refuse, documented before internal pelvic examination or other intimate interventions.
- Number needed to treat
- The reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction; a lower value indicates a larger clinical benefit from the intervention.
- Sensitivity formula
- True positives divided by true positives plus false negatives; it reflects the proportion of people with the condition correctly identified.
- Oxford levels of evidence
- Level 1 is a systematic review of randomized trials; Level 5 is expert opinion or bench research, forming a hierarchy for appraising evidence.