ABR Pediatric Radiology flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Germinal matrix hemorrhage grade 3

Grade 3 neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage extends into the lateral ventricles and causes ventricular dilation; grade 4 is periventricular hemorrhagic infarction, not simple extension.

Chiari II malformation signs

Chiari II includes myelomeningocele, small posterior fossa, inferior vermian herniation, tectal beaking, corpus callosum dysgenesis, and a fenestrated falx; hydrocephalus is common.

Dandy-Walker malformation triad

Dandy-Walker malformation consists of cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle, cerebellar vermian hypoplasia, and an enlarged posterior fossa; the torcular lies above the lambdoid suture.

Term neonatal HIE pattern

In term neonates, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy preferentially injures basal ganglia, thalamus, and parasagittal cortex; preterm injury more often causes periventricular leukomalacia.

Medulloblastoma imaging features

Medulloblastoma arises in the cerebellar vermis, is hyperdense on CT, shows restricted diffusion, and fills the fourth ventricle; ependymoma more often arises from the floor and extends through foramina.

Tetralogy of Fallot components

Tetralogy of Fallot comprises ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular outflow obstruction, and right ventricular hypertrophy; the chest radiograph may show a boot-shaped heart.

D-transposition chest radiograph

D-transposition of the great arteries produces an egg-on-side cardiac silhouette with a narrow superior mediastinum; survival depends on mixing through septal defects or a patent ductus arteriosus.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia signs

Left congenital diaphragmatic hernia shows bowel loops in the chest, mediastinal shift to the right, and a nasogastric tube tip above the diaphragm; pulmonary hypoplasia determines prognosis.

Croup steeple sign

Croup causes symmetric subglottic tracheal narrowing on frontal radiograph, the steeple sign; epiglottitis instead shows an enlarged epiglottis, the thumb sign.

Scimitar syndrome features

Scimitar syndrome comprises right partial anomalous pulmonary venous return to the inferior vena cava, right lung hypoplasia, and a curved scimitar vein; it may cause recurrent infections.

Pyloric stenosis ultrasound criteria

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis shows pyloric muscle thickness greater than 3 mm and channel length greater than 15 mm; the target sign and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis may accompany it.

Intussusception enema reduction rule

Ileocolic intussusception with a target sign can be reduced by air enema when the child is stable, has no peritonitis, and has no pneumoperitoneum; recurrence is possible.

Malrotation imaging signs

Malrotation shows inversion of the superior mesenteric artery and vein on ultrasound and a corkscrew duodenal course on upper gastrointestinal contrast study; volvulus is a surgical emergency.

Wilms versus neuroblastoma

Wilms tumor is intrarenal, distorts the collecting system, and may invade the inferior vena cava; neuroblastoma is adrenal, calcifies, encases vessels, and crosses the midline.

Biliary atresia imaging signs

Biliary atresia may show the triangular cord sign, an absent or small gallbladder, and no biliary excretion on hepatobiliary scintigraphy; Kasai portoenterostomy is time-sensitive.

Salter-Harris fracture types

Salter-Harris I involves only the physis; II adds a metaphyseal fragment; III adds an epiphyseal fragment; IV involves both metaphysis and epiphysis; V is a physeal crush injury.

SCFE radiographic sign

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis displaces the femoral head medially and posteriorly; the ice-cream slipped off the cone sign and widened physis are seen on frog-leg view.

Legg-Calve-Perthes MRI

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease is idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head, usually in children aged four to eight; MRI detects early marrow edema and the crescent sign.

Osteosarcoma radiographic features

Osteosarcoma typically arises in the metaphysis, shows a sunburst periosteal reaction and Codman triangle, and requires chest CT for metastatic staging.

Achondroplasia radiographic findings

Achondroplasia causes rhizomelic short stature, a trident hand, narrowed interpedicular distances, and foramen magnum stenosis; it results from FGFR3 mutation.

Lymphatic malformation sclerotherapy

Macrocystic lymphatic malformations respond best to sclerotherapy with agents such as OK-432, bleomycin, or doxycycline; microcystic lesions may need surgery or systemic therapy.

Pulmonary AVM embolization

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, often in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, are treated by transcatheter coil or plug embolization; systemic air embolization is a key risk.

Gastrostomy gastropexy purpose

During percutaneous gastrostomy, gastropexy fixes the stomach to the abdominal wall, reducing peritoneal leakage and preventing separation before the tract matures.

Central venous catheter tip

In children, a central venous catheter tip should lie at the cavoatrial junction; malposition increases risks of thrombosis, arrhythmia, and extravasation.

Meckel scan mechanism

A Meckel diverticulum scan uses technetium-99m pertechnetate, which is taken up by ectopic gastric mucosa; H2 blockers can improve detection by reducing secretion.

MAG3 diuretic renogram

A technetium-99m MAG3 diuretic renogram assesses renal perfusion and drainage; delayed washout after furosemide suggests obstruction, but hydration and timing affect interpretation.

DMSA scan purpose

Technetium-99m DMSA scintigraphy detects cortical renal scarring and split renal function; it is more sensitive than ultrasound for pyelonephritic scars.

MIBG neuroblastoma imaging

Iodine-123 MIBG scintigraphy detects neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma because these tumors take up norepinephrine analogs; normal adrenal medulla and liver also show uptake.

CT dose index volume

CTDIvol estimates absorbed dose per slice for a given CT protocol; dose-length product equals CTDIvol multiplied by scan length and is used to estimate effective dose.

Pediatric CT dose reduction

Pediatric CT protocols reduce tube current and peak kilovoltage by patient size, use iterative reconstruction, and limit multiphase scanning; children have greater lifetime radiation risk.

Fluoroscopy dose tools

Pulsed fluoroscopy, collimation, last-image hold, and removing the grid reduce pediatric fluoroscopic dose; displayed air kerma and dose-area product help monitor exposure.

Background radiation dose

Average background radiation exposure is about 3 mSv per year; a chest radiograph is about 0.1 mSv and an abdominal CT about 5 to 10 mSv.