ABU Qualifying Exam flashcards

38 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Glomerular filtration rate

Volume of plasma filtered per unit time; equals Kf times net filtration pressure; inulin clearance is the reference standard.

Countercurrent multiplier

Mechanism in loop of Henle where thick ascending limb reabsorbs NaCl while impermeable to water, creating a medullary osmotic gradient for urine concentration.

Hyperacute rejection

Antibody-mediated graft destruction within minutes to hours due to preformed donor-specific antibodies; causes thrombosis and graft loss.

Calcineurin inhibitors

Tacrolimus and cyclosporine inhibit calcineurin and IL-2 transcription, suppressing T-cell activation; nephrotoxic and cause hypertension.

VHL gene

Tumor suppressor on chromosome 3p25; loss stabilizes HIF and upregulates VEGF, causing clear cell renal cell carcinoma and hemangioblastomas.

t(6;11) translocation

Chromosomal translocation involving TFEB defining a MiT family renal cell carcinoma, often in young patients.

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Aldosterone excess with suppressed renin causing hypertension and hypokalemia; screen with aldosterone-to-renin ratio.

Pheochromocytoma

Catecholamine-secreting tumor causing paroxysmal hypertension, headache, sweating, and palpitations; diagnosed with plasma metanephrines.

Delayed graft function

Need for dialysis within the first week after kidney transplant; associated with deceased donors and ischemic injury.

BK virus nephropathy

Viral infection of renal allograft with rising creatinine and decoy cells; treatment is reduction of immunosuppression.

PDE5 inhibitors

Drugs blocking cGMP breakdown to enhance erections; contraindicated with nitrates because of severe hypotension.

Priapism

Prolonged erection lasting more than four hours; ischemic type is a compartment syndrome treated by aspiration and irrigation.

Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia

Involuntary contraction of the external urethral sphincter during detrusor contraction, causing obstruction; common in spinal cord injury.

Post-void residual

Volume of urine remaining after voiding; elevated values suggest incomplete bladder emptying; normal is generally under 50-100 mL.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis

Necrotizing renal infection with gas in parenchyma, common in diabetics; may require nephrectomy if refractory.

Meares-Stamey test

Four-glass urine and prostatic secretion sampling that localizes infection to urethra, bladder, or prostate in chronic prostatitis.

IgA nephropathy

Mesangial deposition of IgA causing hematuria after respiratory infection; most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide.

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Fibrotic tissue encasing ureters and causing hydronephrosis; associated with IgG4-related disease and certain medications.

SIADH

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion causing euvolemic hyponatremia with concentrated urine; treated with fluid restriction.

Conn syndrome

Aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma causing hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis with suppressed renin.

Struvite stones

Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi formed by urease-producing bacteria such as Proteus; can grow into staghorn calculi.

Cystine stones

Calculi from cystinuria with hexagonal crystals; treated with high fluid intake and urinary alkalinization.

Retrograde urethrogram

Imaging study injecting contrast into urethra to evaluate urethral injury; performed before catheterization when urethral injury is suspected.

Renal pedicle injury

Rapid deceleration injury avulsing renal artery or vein; CT shows devascularized kidney and often requires nephrectomy.

Postobstructive diuresis

Large urine output after relief of bilateral obstruction; monitor electrolytes and replace losses to avoid hypovolemia.

MAG3 diuretic renography

Nuclear scan using mercaptoacetyltriglycine with furosemide to distinguish obstructive from nonobstructive hydronephrosis.

Varicocele

Dilated pampiniform plexus, usually left-sided, causing impaired semen quality; most common correctable cause of male infertility.

Azoospermia

Absence of sperm in ejaculate; obstructive type has normal FSH and testicular volume, nonobstructive has elevated FSH.

Stauffer syndrome

Paraneoplastic liver dysfunction associated with renal cell carcinoma, resolving after nephrectomy.

Wilms tumor

Most common pediatric renal malignancy presenting with abdominal mass; treated with nephrectomy and chemotherapy.

Ileal conduit

Noncontinent urinary diversion draining urine to a stoma bag; risks include metabolic acidosis and B12 deficiency.

Vesicovaginal fistula

Abnormal connection between bladder and vagina causing continuous urinary incontinence, often after pelvic surgery or obstructed labor.

Posterior urethral valves

Congenital obstructing membranes in the posterior urethra of boys causing poor stream and hydronephrosis; treated by valve ablation.

Testicular torsion

Twisting of spermatic cord causing acute scrotal pain and absent cremasteric reflex; requires emergent surgical exploration.

Ureteral narrowings

Three anatomic constrictions where stones lodge: ureteropelvic junction, crossing iliac vessels, and ureterovesical junction.

Prostate zones

Peripheral zone harbors most cancers; transition zone is the site of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Anion gap

Calculated as sodium minus chloride plus bicarbonate; normal 8-12 mEq/L; elevated in ketoacidosis and renal failure.

Hyperkalemia treatment

Calcium gluconate for cardiac membrane stabilization, insulin with glucose and beta agonists to shift potassium intracellularly, plus removal.