ABU Urology flashcards
ABU Urology · Build recall with a focused review session.
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- ISUP grade group 3
- Gleason score 4+3=7. It carries a worse prognosis than grade group 2 (3+4=7) and is managed as intermediate-risk prostate cancer.
- AFP in seminoma
- Alpha-fetoprotein is never elevated in pure seminoma; an elevated AFP indicates nonseminomatous germ cell elements and changes staging and management.
- BCG for bladder cancer
- Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is used for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, including carcinoma in situ and high-grade Ta/T1 tumors, to reduce recurrence and progression.
- Clear cell RCC gene
- Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is associated with VHL gene inactivation on chromosome 3p, leading to HIF accumulation and angiogenesis; it accounts for about 75% of renal cell carcinomas.
- Uric acid stone pH
- Uric acid stones form when urine pH is below 5.5 and dissolve with alkalinization to pH 6.5-7.0 using potassium citrate; allopurinol is added when hyperuricemia is present.
- Struvite stone cause
- Struvite stones are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate and form during infection with urease-producing bacteria; they often branch into staghorn calculi.
- Stone size passage
- Distal ureteral stones smaller than 5 mm pass spontaneously in about 80% of cases, whereas stones larger than 10 mm rarely pass without intervention.
- PCNL indication
- Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is first-line for renal stones larger than 2 cm, staghorn calculi, and lower-pole stones with unfavorable anatomy.
- Detrusor overactivity
- Involuntary detrusor contractions during bladder filling on urodynamics; it is associated with urgency and urgency incontinence but may also be asymptomatic.
- POP-Q stage 2
- The leading prolapse point lies between 1 cm above and 1 cm below the hymen; stage 2 prolapse extends to or just beyond the introitus.
- Post-void residual
- A post-void residual volume above 200-300 mL indicates incomplete bladder emptying and supports clean intermittent catheterization or further urodynamic evaluation.
- Stress incontinence sling
- A midurethral sling is standard surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence; it compresses the midurethra during increases in intra-abdominal pressure.
- WHO sperm concentration
- The WHO 2010 lower reference limit for sperm concentration is 15 million per mL, with total motility at least 40% and normal morphology at least 4%.
- Priapism first treatment
- For ischemic priapism lasting more than 4 hours, perform corporal aspiration and inject intracavernosal phenylephrine; PDE5 inhibitors are contraindicated in this setting.
- Varicocele side
- Varicocele occurs predominantly on the left because the left internal spermatic vein drains at a right angle into the renal vein and often lacks a valve.
- Vasectomy efficacy
- Vasectomy is not effective immediately; a post-vasectomy semen analysis showing azoospermia or rare nonmotile sperm is required before abandoning contraception.
- PUV presentation
- Posterior urethral valves cause bilateral hydronephrosis in a male infant with a thick-walled bladder; voiding cystourethrogram confirms and endoscopic ablation relieves obstruction.
- Orchidopexy timing
- Orchidopexy for an undescended testis is recommended between 6 and 18 months of age to lower the risks of infertility and testicular malignancy.
- Testicular torsion window
- Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency; salvage rates are highest when detorsion occurs within 6 hours, and bilateral orchiopexy is performed for the bell-clapper deformity.
- Wilms tumor age
- Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) typically presents between ages 2 and 5 years as an abdominal mass; treatment is nephrectomy plus chemotherapy.
- Hyperacute rejection
- Antibody-mediated graft destruction occurring minutes to hours after reperfusion; it is prevented by pretransplant crossmatching and is not treatable once established.
- BK virus nephropathy
- BK viremia with rising creatinine after transplantation indicates BK nephropathy; management is reduction of immunosuppression rather than intensification.
- Cockcroft-Gault use
- The Cockcroft-Gault equation estimates creatinine clearance from age, weight, sex and serum creatinine and is used for drug dose adjustment.
- Tacrolimus electrolytes
- Tacrolimus can cause hypomagnesemia and hyperkalemia through altered distal tubular transport; both electrolytes require monitoring after transplantation.
- Posterior urethral injury
- Blood at the meatus and a high-riding prostate after pelvic fracture suggest posterior urethral injury; retrograde urethrogram is performed before catheter placement.
- Intraperitoneal bladder rupture
- Intraperitoneal bladder rupture requires surgical repair because urine leaks into the peritoneal cavity; extraperitoneal rupture usually heals with catheter drainage alone.
- Penile fracture repair
- Penile fracture is a tunica albuginea tear with sudden detumescence and hematoma; immediate surgical repair lowers the risk of curvature and erectile dysfunction.
- Ileal conduit
- The ileal conduit is the most commonly performed urinary diversion; urine drains through a short ileal segment to a stoma and no urethral anastomosis is required.
- Asymptomatic bacteriuria
- Asymptomatic bacteriuria is treated only during pregnancy and before urologic procedures with mucosal trauma; treating other patients promotes antimicrobial resistance.
- BCG mechanism
- Intravesical BCG induces a local granulomatous immune response against urothelial cancer cells and reduces recurrence of high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
- Four-glass test
- The four-glass test localizes infection in chronic bacterial prostatitis by comparing segmented urine and expressed prostatic secretion cultures.
- GAG layer
- The glycosaminoglycan layer on the urothelium is a permeability barrier; its disruption is implicated in interstitial cystitis and chemical cystitis.