ABU URPS flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Normal urine output

Adult urine output is approximately 0.5 to 1.0 mL/kg/h; oliguria is defined as less than 0.5 mL/kg/h or less than 400 mL per 24 hours.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria treatment

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is generally not treated except in pregnancy and before urologic instrumentation, because treatment does not improve outcomes in most patients.

IPSS scoring

The AUA symptom index ranges from 0 to 35: 0-7 is mild, 8-19 is moderate, and 20-35 is severe lower urinary tract symptoms.

Clear cell RCC genetics

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is associated with inactivation of the VHL tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3p, leading to HIF accumulation and angiogenesis.

BCG indication

Intravesical BCG is indicated for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ, with maintenance therapy reducing recurrence and progression.

Gleason grade groups

Grade group 1 is Gleason 3+3, group 2 is 3+4, group 3 is 4+3, group 4 is score 8, and group 5 is score 9-10.

Struvite stone cause

Struvite stones form in infection with urease-producing organisms such as Proteus, Klebsiella, and Ureaplasma, producing ammonium and alkaline urine.

Uric acid stone treatment

Uric acid stones are radiolucent and dissolve with urinary alkalinization to pH 6.5-7.0, high fluid intake, and allopurinol when hyperuricemia is present.

PCNL indication

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is first-line therapy for staghorn calculi and renal stones larger than 20 mm, where stone-free rates exceed shockwave lithotripsy.

Stress incontinence definition

Stress urinary incontinence is involuntary urine loss with increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, sneezing, or exertion, without preceding urgency.

Overactive bladder second-line

After behavioral therapy, overactive bladder is treated with antimuscarinics or the beta-3 agonist mirabegron; refractory cases may receive botulinum toxin or neuromodulation.

Post-void residual threshold

A post-void residual above 150-200 mL suggests incomplete bladder emptying, and retention is often defined as a residual greater than 300 mL.

Posterior urethral valves sign

Posterior urethral valves present with bilateral hydronephrosis, a thick-walled bladder, and a keyhole sign on imaging; initial management is catheter drainage.

Orchidopexy timing

Orchidopexy for undescended testis is recommended by 6-18 months of age to reduce the risks of malignancy and impaired fertility.

Vesicoureteral reflux grading

Reflux grade I is ureteral only, grade II reaches the pelvis without dilation, grades III-V show increasing dilation, and grade V has tortuous ureters with lost papillary impressions.

Hyperacute rejection

Hyperacute rejection is caused by preformed antibodies against donor antigens and occurs within minutes to hours, requiring immediate graft removal.

Renal tumor thrombus levels

Level I tumor thrombus is in the renal vein, level II in the IVC below hepatic veins, level III above hepatic veins, and level IV above the diaphragm.

Delayed graft function

Delayed graft function is the need for dialysis within the first week after kidney transplantation and is more common with deceased-donor grafts.

Retrograde urethrogram

Retrograde urethrography is the diagnostic study for suspected urethral injury; a suprapubic catheter is placed when urethral catheterization is unsafe.

Intraperitoneal bladder rupture

Intraperitoneal bladder rupture requires surgical repair, whereas selected extraperitoneal ruptures may be managed with catheter drainage alone.

Fournier gangrene management

Fournier gangrene is necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum requiring urgent surgical debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics covering mixed organisms.

Normal semen parameters

WHO reference values include volume at least 1.5 mL, concentration at least 15 million/mL, total motility at least 40%, and normal morphology at least 4%.

Ischemic priapism treatment

Ischemic priapism is a compartment syndrome treated with aspiration and irrigation, followed by intracavernosal phenylephrine if detumescence does not occur.

PDE5 inhibitor contraindication

PDE5 inhibitors are contraindicated with nitrate medications because the combination can cause profound hypotension and myocardial ischemia.

Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia

Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia is involuntary sphincter contraction during detrusor contraction, common in spinal cord injury above the sacral level.

Bladder compliance

Compliance is the change in bladder volume divided by change in detrusor pressure; values below 20 mL/cm H2O increase risk of upper tract damage.

Neurogenic bladder catheterization

Clean intermittent catheterization is the preferred method for incomplete bladder emptying in neurogenic bladder, with antimuscarinics for overactivity.

CT urography indication

CT urography is the preferred imaging study for painless gross hematuria and for evaluating suspected upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Noncontrast CT renal colic

Noncontrast CT is the imaging study of choice for suspected renal colic because it detects stones, obstruction, and alternative diagnoses.

Bosniak classification

The Bosniak system classifies cystic renal masses from I to IV; higher categories, especially III and IV, warrant surgical evaluation for malignancy.

Prostate cancer zone

Prostate cancer most commonly arises in the peripheral zone, whereas benign prostatic hyperplasia typically arises in the transition zone.

Prostate cancer markers

Prostate cancer is typically positive for NKX3.1 and PSA on immunohistochemistry, while urothelial carcinoma is positive for GATA3 and p63.