ACVECC flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Cardiac output formula

Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. Shock from bradycardia, hypovolemia, or poor contractility all reduce cardiac output and tissue oxygen delivery.

Mean arterial pressure target

MAP is approximately diastolic pressure plus one-third of pulse pressure. A target MAP of 65-80 mmHg maintains organ perfusion in most small animal patients.

Lactate as perfusion marker

Lactate rises with anaerobic metabolism and impaired clearance. A value above 2.5 mmol/L suggests hypoperfusion; failure to clear predicts higher mortality.

RECOVER compression rate

Chest compressions during CPR are delivered at 100-120 per minute with 30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratio before intubation, rotating the compressor every two minutes.

Atropine for bradycardia

Atropine 0.02-0.04 mg/kg IV reverses vagally mediated bradycardia. It is ineffective when bradycardia is caused by direct cardiac conduction disease.

Lidocaine for ventricular arrhythmia

Lidocaine 2 mg/kg IV bolus, followed by 25-50 mcg/kg/min CRI, treats ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Avoid in cats at high doses due to CNS toxicity.

Epinephrine in arrest

Epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg IV (low dose) or 0.1 mg/kg (high dose) during cardiopulmonary arrest increases peripheral vasoconstriction and coronary perfusion pressure.

SIRS criteria in dogs

SIRS requires two or more of abnormal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, or white blood cell count. With infection, SIRS defines sepsis and warrants early antibiotics.

Colloid fluid bolus

Synthetic colloids are given at 3-5 mL/kg boluses for crystalloid-refractory shock. Avoid in cats and in coagulopathic or septic patients due to bleeding risk.

EtCO2 normal range

End-tidal CO2 of 35-45 mmHg reflects adequate ventilation. A sudden drop suggests esophageal intubation, circuit disconnection, or cardiac arrest.

Transfusion PCV trigger

Packed red cells are considered when PCV falls below 18-20% with clinical signs or below 12-15% perioperatively. Transfuse slowly and monitor for reactions.

Hypoglycemia emergency dose

Dextrose is given at 0.5-1 g/kg diluted in isotonic fluids as a slow IV bolus for symptomatic hypoglycemia, followed by a constant rate infusion.

Naloxone reversal dose

Naloxone 0.04 mg/kg IV reverses opioid-induced respiratory depression. Its short half-life may require repeat dosing or a constant rate infusion.

Fluid deficit calculation

Fluid deficit in milliliters equals dehydration percent as a decimal multiplied by body weight in kg multiplied by 1000. Replace over hours plus maintenance and ongoing losses.

Anesthetic hypotension management

Anesthetic hypotension is treated by reducing inhalant, giving a crystalloid bolus, and adding a vasopressor or inotrope such as dopamine or dobutamine.

Drug dose unit conversion

One kg equals 2.2 pounds. A 0.1% solution contains 1 mg/mL, so 1 mg/kg equals 1 mL/kg of that solution.

Percent solution to mg/mL

A percent solution equals grams per 100 mL. Therefore 5% dextrose is 50 mg/mL and 10% calcium gluconate is 100 mg/mL.

CRI dose formula

Constant rate infusion in mL/hr equals dose in mcg/kg/min multiplied by weight in kg multiplied by 60, divided by drug concentration in mcg/mL.

Cephalexin first-line dose

Cephalexin 22 mg/kg PO every 8-12 hours is a first-line beta-lactam for canine and feline skin and soft tissue infections pending culture results.

Enrofloxacin cat toxicity

Enrofloxacin doses above 5 mg/kg/day in cats risk retinal degeneration and blindness. Fluoroquinolones are also avoided in growing animals due to cartilage effects.

NSAID contraindications

NSAIDs are avoided in dehydration, renal disease, GI ulceration, and with concurrent corticosteroids. A washout of 3-5 days is used when switching between classes.

Wound lavage pressure

Wound lavage with 0.9% saline at 5-10 psi removes debris without driving contaminants deeper. Higher pressures can damage tissue and disseminate bacteria.

Acepromazine cautions

Acepromazine is avoided in patients with seizure history, hepatic disease, or hypovolemia because it lowers blood pressure and may lower the seizure threshold.

Maintenance fluid rate

Adult dogs and cats typically receive 2-3 mL/kg/hr of isotonic crystalloid, roughly 50-60 mL/kg/day, adjusted for ongoing losses and cardiac or renal disease.

Chocolate toxicity dose

Theobromine above 20 mg/kg causes GI signs, above 40-50 mg/kg causes cardiac effects, and above 60 mg/kg may cause seizures in dogs.

Xylitol toxicity

Xylitol above 0.1 g/kg causes hypoglycemia in dogs, and higher doses can cause acute hepatic failure. Treatment includes dextrose and liver protectants.

Lily toxicity in cats

True lilies cause acute kidney injury in cats after ingestion of any plant part. Treatment is aggressive fluid diuresis, and prognosis is guarded once anuria develops.

Sodium correction rate

Correct sodium no faster than 0.5 mEq/L/hr or 10-12 mEq/L/day to avoid cerebral edema or osmotic demyelination in veterinary patients.

Potassium infusion limit

Peripheral potassium supplementation should not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hr. Typical addition is 20-30 mEq KCl per liter of fluids for mild hypokalemia.

Core canine vaccines

Core canine vaccines are distemper, adenovirus-2, parvovirus, and rabies. Core feline vaccines are panleukopenia, herpesvirus-1, calicivirus, and rabies.

Surgical wound closure decision

Clean wounds are closed primarily after debridement and lavage. Contaminated or infected wounds are managed open with delayed primary closure or secondary intention.

Opioid premedication dose

Hydromorphone 0.05-0.1 mg/kg or methadone 0.2-0.5 mg/kg provides premedication analgesia and is combined with a sedative for balanced anesthesia.