Arab Board Family Medicine Part 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Metabolic syndrome criteria

Diagnosis requires at least three of: central obesity, triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, low HDL, blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg, or fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL.

Anion gap formula

Anion gap equals sodium minus the sum of chloride and bicarbonate; normal is 8–12 mEq/L, and a raised gap indicates unmeasured anions such as ketones or lactate.

CURB-65 components

Scores confusion, urea above 7 mmol/L, respiratory rate ≥30/min, low systolic or diastolic blood pressure, and age ≥65 years to stratify pneumonia severity.

Holliday-Segar maintenance fluids

Pediatric daily fluid requirement: 100 mL/kg for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg for the next 10 kg, and 20 mL/kg for each kilogram thereafter.

Kawasaki disease diagnostic criteria

Fever for at least five days plus four of conjunctivitis, oral mucous changes, rash, extremity changes, or cervical lymphadenopathy; treated with IVIG and aspirin.

Simple febrile seizure features

Occurs between 6 months and 5 years, is generalized, lasts under 15 minutes, and happens once in 24 hours; routine EEG and neuroimaging are not indicated.

Naegele rule

Estimated delivery date is calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period plus seven days minus three months, adding one year.

Preeclampsia definition

New hypertension ≥140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks of gestation with proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction; delivery is the definitive treatment.

Anti-D immunoglobulin timing

Given to unsensitized RhD-negative women at around 28 weeks of gestation and within 72 hours after delivery of an RhD-positive infant.

Parkland burn formula

For burns, give 4 mL of lactated Ringer per kilogram body weight per percent total body surface area in 24 hours, half within the first 8 hours.

Alvarado score use

Clinical scoring system for suspected appendicitis combining migratory pain, anorexia, nausea, tenderness, rebound, fever, and leukocytosis to stratify risk.

Testicular torsion management

A surgical emergency requiring urgent detorsion and fixation; Doppler ultrasound should not delay surgery when clinical suspicion is high.

Serotonin syndrome features

Caused by serotonergic drugs and marked by clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, and hyperthermia; management is stopping the agent and supportive care with benzodiazepines.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Caused by dopamine antagonists and characterized by rigidity, fever, autonomic instability, and raised creatine kinase; treatment is drug withdrawal and supportive care.

Delirium versus dementia

Delirium is acute and fluctuating with impaired attention; dementia is chronic progressive cognitive decline with preserved consciousness until late stages.

Sensitivity definition

Proportion of people with disease who test positive, calculated as true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives.

Number needed to treat

The reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction; it estimates how many patients must be treated to prevent one additional adverse outcome.

Herd immunity threshold

Proportion of a population needing immunity to interrupt transmission, calculated as one minus the reciprocal of the basic reproduction number.

Relative risk calculation

Incidence of disease in exposed persons divided by incidence in unexposed persons; values above one indicate increased risk with exposure.

Lead-time bias

Screening that detects disease earlier appears to prolong survival even when the time of death is unchanged; mortality is the preferred outcome measure.

Case-control study strength

Efficient for rare diseases and long latency but cannot directly measure incidence and is prone to recall and selection bias.

Adult CPR compression parameters

Compress at 100–120 per minute to a depth of 5–6 cm, allow full chest recoil, minimize interruptions, and defibrillate early when indicated.

Anaphylaxis first-line treatment

Intramuscular epinephrine 0.5 mg of 1:1000 solution into the lateral thigh, repeated every 5–15 minutes as needed; adjuncts never replace epinephrine.

DKA insulin initiation rule

Start insulin infusion only after confirming potassium is at least 3.3 mmol/L; give isotonic saline and replace potassium as levels fall.

Corrected sodium in hyperglycemia

Add 1.6 mEq/L to the measured sodium for every 100 mg/dL that glucose exceeds 100 mg/dL to estimate the true sodium concentration.

Winter formula

In metabolic acidosis, expected PCO2 equals 1.5 times bicarbonate plus 8, with a range of plus or minus 2; deviation suggests a mixed disorder.

Steady state and half-life

A drug reaches steady-state concentration after approximately four to five half-lives of regular dosing; loading doses shorten the time to therapeutic levels.

Informed consent elements

Valid consent requires patient capacity, adequate disclosure of risks and alternatives, comprehension, voluntariness, and authorization, all documented in the record.

Decision-making capacity criteria

Capacity requires the ability to understand information, appreciate its relevance, reason about options, and communicate a choice; it is decision-specific.

Confidentiality exceptions

Disclosure without consent is permitted when required by law or public-health duty, such as notifiable diseases or imminent risk of serious harm.

Acute coronary syndrome ECG timing

Obtain a 12-lead ECG within 10 minutes of arrival for suspected acute coronary syndrome and give aspirin while arranging reperfusion based on findings.

Status epilepticus sequence

Give a benzodiazepine as first-line therapy, followed by a second-line antiseizure medication if seizures continue after the initial dose.