Arab Board Ob/Gyn Part 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Mullerian duct derivatives

The paired Mullerian ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina; failed fusion or septal resorption produces uterine anomalies such as septate, bicornuate, or didelphys uterus.

LH surge timing

The luteinizing hormone surge begins about 24 to 36 hours before ovulation; the luteal phase is usually 14 days, so variation in cycle length mainly reflects follicular phase duration.

Uterine artery course

The uterine artery arises from the internal iliac artery and crosses above the ureter about 2 cm lateral to the cervix; it anastomoses with the ovarian artery.

hCG peak

Human chorionic gonadotropin peaks at about 8 to 10 weeks of gestation and then declines; it maintains the corpus luteum and early progesterone production.

Naegele rule

Estimated due date equals the first day of the last menstrual period plus 280 days; adjust by adding cycle length minus 28 days when cycles are not 28 days.

Apgar components

Heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color are each scored 0 to 2 at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

Active phase arrest

Cervical dilation of at least 6 cm with ruptured membranes and no cervical change for at least 4 hours with adequate contractions or 6 hours with inadequate contractions.

Preeclampsia severe features

Severe features include blood pressure at least 160/110 mmHg, platelets below 100,000, elevated liver enzymes, creatinine above 1.1 mg/dL, pulmonary edema, or new cerebral or visual symptoms.

Magnesium sulfate regimen

For severe preeclampsia, give 4 to 6 g IV over 15 to 20 minutes, then 1 to 2 g per hour; monitor reflexes, respiration, and urine output; calcium gluconate is the antidote.

Gestational diabetes OGTT thresholds

On a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, fasting at least 92, 1-hour at least 180, or 2-hour at least 153 mg/dL; one abnormal value diagnoses gestational diabetes by IADPSG criteria.

Oligohydramnios definition

Amniotic fluid index below 5 cm or single deepest pocket below 2 cm; it is associated with renal anomalies, placental insufficiency, and pulmonary hypoplasia.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction presenting in late pregnancy or within 5 months postpartum in a woman without prior heart disease; treat with standard heart failure therapy.

Ectopic methotrexate criteria

Methotrexate may be used for a hemodynamically stable, unruptured ectopic pregnancy with hCG below 5,000 IU/L, mass below 3.5 cm, and no fetal cardiac activity.

Placenta accreta risk

Risk is highest with placenta previa plus prior cesarean deliveries; accreta spectrum risk rises with each prior cesarean, and planned hysterectomy may be required.

PID minimum criteria

Pelvic or lower abdominal pain plus cervical motion, uterine, or adnexal tenderness; treatment is ceftriaxone plus doxycycline plus metronidazole, started empirically.

Bacterial vaginosis Amsel criteria

Amsel criteria are homogeneous discharge, vaginal pH above 4.5, clue cells, and a positive whiff test; three of four are required; treat with metronidazole or clindamycin.

PALM-COEIN classification

Abnormal uterine bleeding causes: Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy or hyperplasia; Coagulopathy, Ovulatory dysfunction, Endometrial, Iatrogenic, and Not otherwise classified.

Endometrial cancer risk factors

Unopposed estrogen, obesity, diabetes, nulliparity, tamoxifen, and Lynch syndrome increase risk; most cases are endometrioid adenocarcinomas presenting with postmenopausal bleeding.

Ovarian cancer CA125

CA125 is often elevated in epithelial ovarian cancer but lacks specificity for screening; it is useful for monitoring treatment; BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase risk.

Gestational trophoblastic disease

A complete mole has paternal chromosomes only, no fetal tissue, and high hCG; a partial mole is triploid with fetal tissue; hCG is followed to zero after treatment.

Infertility definition

Failure to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse; evaluate earlier if the woman is 35 or older, cycles are irregular, or male or known risk factors exist.

Letrozole ovulation induction

Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor used first-line for ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome; it often gives higher live birth rates than clomiphene with fewer multiple pregnancies.

Copper IUD emergency contraception

A copper intrauterine device inserted within 5 days of unprotected intercourse is the most effective emergency contraception and also provides long-term contraception.

POP-Q stages

Pelvic organ prolapse quantification: stage 0 has no prolapse; stage 1 leading edge above -1 cm; stage 2 between -1 and +1 cm; stage 3 beyond +1 to +2 cm; stage 4 complete eversion.

Stress urinary incontinence

Involuntary urine loss with increased abdominal pressure such as coughing or sneezing; first-line treatment is pelvic floor muscle training; midurethral sling is a surgical option.

Overactive bladder treatment

Behavioral therapy is first-line; antimuscarinics or beta-3 agonists are second-line; refractory cases may receive intradetrusor botulinum toxin or sacral neuromodulation.

Sensitivity formula

Sensitivity equals true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives; it is the proportion of diseased people who test positive; high sensitivity helps rule out disease when negative.

Number needed to treat

Number needed to treat equals one divided by the absolute risk reduction; it is the number of patients treated to prevent one additional adverse outcome.

Type I error

Rejecting a true null hypothesis, a false-positive conclusion; the conventional alpha is 0.05; power equals one minus the type II error probability.

Informed consent elements

Disclosure of diagnosis, proposed treatment, alternatives, risks and benefits, and consequences of refusal; the patient must have capacity and give voluntary consent.

Never events

Clearly identifiable, preventable serious adverse events such as wrong-site surgery or retained surgical items; reporting these events supports system improvement and patient safety.

Error disclosure

After a harmful medical error, promptly inform the patient, explain what happened, apologize, describe prevention steps, and document the discussion; honesty supports trust and safety.