Arab Board Psychiatry Part 1 flashcards
Arab Board Psychiatry Part 1 · Build recall with a focused review session.
31 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
- Projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens and limbic structures; its overactivity is linked to positive psychotic symptoms and reward processing.
- CYP2D6 poor metaboliser
- A genetic variant causing reduced metabolism of many antipsychotics and tricyclics, leading to higher plasma levels and greater risk of adverse effects at standard doses.
- Schneiderian first-rank symptoms
- Audible thoughts, voices arguing or commenting, thought insertion, withdrawal or broadcasting, made feelings/impulses/acts, and delusional perception, classically associated with schizophrenia.
- Flight of ideas
- Rapid, pressured speech with loosened associations where the goal of thought is retained and links are often mood-congruent; typical of mania.
- Delirium tremens timing
- Alcohol withdrawal delirium typically emerges 48 to 96 hours after the last drink, with tremor, agitation, hallucinations, autonomic instability and risk of seizures.
- Wernicke encephalopathy triad
- Confusion, ataxia and ophthalmoplegia or nystagmus caused by thiamine deficiency; treat urgently with parenteral thiamine before glucose administration.
- Treatment-resistant schizophrenia
- Failure of at least two adequate antipsychotic trials; clozapine is indicated and requires regular white cell monitoring because of agranulocytosis risk.
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- Life-threatening reaction to dopamine antagonists with hyperthermia, lead-pipe rigidity, autonomic instability and raised creatine kinase; stop the drug and use dantrolene or bromocriptine.
- Bipolar II disorder
- Requires at least one hypomanic episode lasting 4 days and at least one major depressive episode, with no history of full mania.
- Serotonin syndrome
- Toxicity from serotonergic drugs with clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation and hyperthermia; treat by stopping the agent, cooling and giving cyproheptadine.
- Acamprosate mechanism
- An anti-craving medication for alcohol dependence that modulates glutamate and GABA systems; requires normal renal function and is started after detoxification.
- Naloxone
- A short-acting opioid antagonist used for opioid overdose; repeated doses may be needed because its half-life is shorter than that of many opioids.
- ADHD diagnostic criteria
- Inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity present before age 12, in two or more settings, for at least 6 months, causing functional impairment.
- Separation anxiety disorder
- Developmentally inappropriate excessive anxiety about separation from attachment figures, lasting at least 4 weeks in children, often presenting as school refusal.
- Dialectical behaviour therapy
- A structured treatment for borderline personality disorder combining individual therapy, skills training, phone coaching and a therapist consultation team.
- Exposure and response prevention
- A CBT technique for OCD in which the patient confronts feared stimuli while refraining from the compulsive ritual, allowing anxiety to habituate.
- Capacity four abilities
- To have capacity a patient must understand the information, retain it, weigh it in the balance and communicate a choice; capacity is decision-specific.
- Tarasoff duty
- A duty to take reasonable steps to protect an identifiable third party when a patient makes a serious threat of violence against that person.
- M'Naghten rule
- A legal test of insanity: a defect of reason from disease of mind meant the accused did not know the nature of the act or that it was wrong.
- Assertive community treatment
- A multidisciplinary, low-caseload, 24-hour community model for severe mental illness that reduces hospitalisation and improves engagement.
- Cultural Formulation Interview
- A DSM-5-TR structured interview exploring cultural identity, illness explanations, stressors, supports and the clinician-patient relationship to improve culturally valid assessment.
- Number needed to treat
- The reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction; the number of patients who must be treated for one additional patient to benefit.
- Positive predictive value
- The proportion of people with a positive test who truly have the disease; it rises with prevalence even when sensitivity and specificity are fixed.
- Tuberoinfundibular pathway
- Dopamine neurons from the arcuate nucleus to the pituitary that inhibit prolactin release; blockade by antipsychotics causes hyperprolactinaemia.
- Lithium clearance
- Lithium is renally excreted and not protein bound; thiazides, NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors reduce clearance and can cause toxicity.
- Overvalued idea
- A solitary, understandably linked belief held with less rigidity than a delusion and often tied to personality traits; not a psychotic symptom.
- Frontotemporal dementia
- A neurodegenerative disorder with early personality change, disinhibition or language impairment, with relative preservation of memory and visuospatial skills.
- Schizoaffective disorder
- Delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks without mood symptoms, with mood episodes present for most of the total illness duration.
- Postpartum psychosis
- A psychiatric emergency emerging usually within 2 weeks of delivery with confusion, mood lability and delusions; carries high suicide and infanticide risk.
- Informed consent
- Valid consent requires capacity, adequate and understandable information and voluntariness; a capacitous refusal must be respected even if life-threatening.
- Type I versus type II error
- Type I is rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive, alpha); type II is failing to reject a false null (false negative, beta); power is 1 minus beta.