DHA Laboratory flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Professional licensure definition
- A mandatory credential issued by a government or delegated authority that authorises an individual to practise a defined health profession within a jurisdiction.
- Scope of practice
- The legally defined set of tasks, procedures, and decisions a licensed cadre may perform, beyond which delegation or additional authorisation is required.
- Primary-source verification
- Confirmation of a qualification obtained directly from the issuing institution or a recognised verification service, rather than from the applicant's own copies.
- Good standing letter
- A document from a licensing authority confirming that a practitioner's licence is valid and not suspended, revoked, or under investigation.
- Facility versus professional licence
- The facility licence authorises premises, services, and capacity; the professional licence authorises the individual practitioner. Both are required to operate lawfully.
- Continuing professional development
- Mandatory learning hours or credits that practitioners must complete within a renewal cycle to maintain licensure and current competence.
- Third-party administrator
- An organisation that processes claims, enrolments, and prior authorisations on behalf of an insurer, while the insurer retains the financial risk.
- Pre-authorisation
- Approval obtained from the insurer or TPA before a planned service is delivered, confirming eligibility, coverage, and medical necessity in advance.
- Co-payment versus co-insurance
- A co-payment is a fixed amount the member pays per service; co-insurance is a percentage share of the cost split between member and insurer.
- Deductible
- The amount a member must pay out of pocket for covered services before the insurer begins to pay its share of the claim.
- Policy exclusion
- A service or condition explicitly not covered by an insurance policy; performing it requires documented patient consent for self-payment.
- Activity-specific permit
- An authorisation for a regulated activity such as controlled-drug handling, radiation use, or clinical waste transport, separate from the facility licence.
- Insurance upcoding
- Billing a service at a higher code or complexity than was actually provided; a recognised fraud indicator subject to audit and recovery.
- Miller's pyramid
- A four-level framework of clinical competence: knows, knows how, shows how, and does; assessment method should match the targeted level.
- Formative assessment
- Assessment conducted during learning that provides feedback to improve performance and does not contribute to the final summative grade.
- Entrustable professional activity
- A unit of real clinical work that a trainee can be trusted to perform with a specified level of supervision, linking competencies to practice.
- Constructive alignment
- The principle that intended learning outcomes, teaching and learning activities, and assessment tasks must all address the same competencies.
- Assessment validity
- The degree to which an assessment tool measures the intended construct and supports the inferences made from its scores.
- Workplace-based assessment
- Observation and evaluation of a trainee performing real clinical tasks, using tools such as direct observation, case discussion, and multi-source feedback.
- Informed consent elements
- Capacity, adequate disclosure, comprehension, and voluntariness; for minors, guardian permission plus the child's assent where appropriate.
- Research ethics approval
- Independent committee review and approval required before data collection; protocol amendments need re-approval before implementation.
- Research misconduct
- Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reporting research; honest error or differing interpretation is not misconduct.
- Allocation concealment
- Withholding the upcoming treatment assignment from those enrolling participants, preventing foreknowledge that could bias group selection.
- Statistical power
- The probability of detecting a true effect when one exists, equal to 1 minus beta; conventionally set at 0.80 or higher in trial design.
- Incidence versus prevalence
- Incidence is the number of new cases per population at risk per unit time; prevalence is all existing cases at a point or over a period.
- Sensitivity and specificity
- Sensitivity is the proportion of true cases correctly identified; specificity is the proportion of true non-cases correctly identified as negative.
- Positive predictive value
- The probability that a person with a positive test truly has the disease; it rises with prevalence and falls in low-prevalence populations.
- Herd immunity threshold
- The proportion of a population that must be immune to interrupt transmission, approximated by 1 minus 1 divided by R0.
- Case fatality rate
- The number of deaths attributed to a disease divided by the number of diagnosed cases of that disease over a specified period.
- Live vaccine contraindications
- Live attenuated vaccines are generally avoided in pregnancy and severe immunosuppression because of the risk of vaccine-derived infection.
- Cold chain temperature range
- Most vaccines are stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius; freeze-sensitive products must never be frozen and frozen storage is product-specific.
- Vaccine vial monitor
- A heat-sensitive label on a vaccine vial that changes colour with cumulative heat exposure; at discard stage the vial must not be used.