DOH Pharmacist Exam flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Bioisostere
- A functional group with similar size, shape, and electronic properties to another, used to replace it in a molecule to preserve activity while improving metabolism or stability.
- Lipinski Rule of Five
- A set of criteria predicting oral drug-likeness: molecular weight below 500, LogP below 5, hydrogen bond donors below 5, and acceptors below 10.
- Prodrug
- An inactive compound that requires chemical or enzymatic conversion in the body to release the active drug, used to improve solubility, permeability, or stability.
- Alkaloid
- A nitrogen-containing, usually basic plant secondary metabolite such as morphine, quinine, or atropine, often with potent pharmacological activity.
- Cardiac glycoside
- A plant glycoside, such as digoxin from Digitalis, whose aglycone inhibits sodium-potassium ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility.
- Tannin
- A polyphenolic plant compound that binds and precipitates proteins, producing an astringent effect and serving as an antidote for alkaloid poisoning.
- Volatile oil
- A terpenoid or phenylpropanoid plant extract obtained by distillation, evaporating at room temperature and responsible for characteristic plant aromas.
- Bioavailability
- The fraction of an administered dose reaching systemic circulation unchanged, calculated from the ratio of test to intravenous AUC adjusted for dose.
- HLB system
- A numerical scale classifying surfactants by hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, where low values favor water-in-oil and high values favor oil-in-water emulsions.
- Sterility assurance level
- The probability that a single unit in a sterilized batch remains non-sterile, typically set at one in one million for terminal sterilization processes.
- Suppository displacement value
- The number of parts by weight of drug that displaces one part of base, used to calculate correct base quantity when preparing suppositories.
- Therapeutic index
- The ratio of the toxic dose to the effective dose for a drug; a low value indicates a narrow margin requiring therapeutic drug monitoring.
- Competitive antagonist
- A drug that binds reversibly at the same receptor site as the agonist, shifting the dose-response curve rightward and increasing EC50 without lowering maximal effect.
- Type B adverse reaction
- An unpredictable, idiosyncratic adverse drug reaction that is not dose-related, such as anaphylaxis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
- N-acetylcysteine
- The antidote for acetaminophen overdose, replenishing glutathione stores and detoxifying the reactive metabolite NAPQI in the liver.
- HbA1c target
- The glycated hemoglobin goal, generally below seven percent for most adults with diabetes, reflecting average blood glucose over about three months.
- INR
- The international normalized ratio, a standardized measure of prothrombin time used to monitor warfarin therapy, typically targeted between two and three.
- Therapeutic drug monitoring
- Measurement of plasma drug concentrations to individualize dosing for drugs with narrow therapeutic index and clear concentration-effect relationships.
- Five rights of dispensing
- A safety checklist confirming the right patient, drug, dose, route, and time before dispensing, reducing medication errors.
- LASA drugs
- Look-alike or sound-alike medications whose similar names or packaging risk selection errors, mitigated by tall-man lettering and separate storage.
- Informed consent
- A patient's voluntary agreement to treatment after receiving and understanding information about benefits, risks, and alternatives, reflecting the principle of autonomy.
- Volume of distribution
- The apparent volume relating the amount of drug in the body to its plasma concentration, indicating the extent of tissue distribution.
- Half-life
- The time required for plasma drug concentration to fall by half, calculated as 0.693 times volume of distribution divided by clearance.
- Steady state
- The condition where drug input equals elimination, reached after approximately four to five half-lives of constant dosing.
- Loading dose
- An initial larger dose calculated as volume of distribution times target concentration divided by bioavailability, used to reach therapeutic levels rapidly.
- Bioequivalence
- A regulatory determination that two products have comparable rate and extent of absorption, with the ninety percent confidence interval for AUC and Cmax within 80 to 125 percent.
- ABC analysis
- An inventory classification method that ranks items by annual usage value, focusing control efforts on the small number of high-value items.
- Cost-effectiveness analysis
- A pharmacoeconomic method comparing alternatives by cost per unit of clinical outcome, such as cost per life-year gained.
- QALY
- A quality-adjusted life-year, a utility measure combining survival duration with health-related quality of life, used in cost-utility analysis.
- Herd immunity
- Indirect protection of susceptible individuals when a sufficient proportion of a population is immune, reducing transmission of an infectious disease.
- Pharmacoepidemiology
- The study of drug use and effects in large populations using observational designs such as cohort and case-control studies to detect safety signals.
- Primary prevention
- Public health measures that prevent disease before it occurs, such as immunization, health education, and risk-factor modification.