GCAA CAR-66 B2 Exam cheat sheet

Order of operations: brackets, indices, multiplication/division, addition/subtraction (BIDMAS).

Powers: a^m × a^n = a^(m+n); a^m ÷ a^n = a^(m−n); (a^m)^n = a^(mn); a^0 = 1.

Logarithms: log(ab) = log a + log b; log(a/b) = log a − log b; log(a^n) = n·log a.

Right triangle: sin θ = opposite/hypotenuse; cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse; tan θ = opposite/adjacent.

Pythagoras: c² = a² + b², where c is the hypotenuse.

Sine rule: a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C; cosine rule: a² = b² + c² − 2bc·cos A.

Circle: area = πr²; circumference = 2πr; sector area = (θ/360)·πr².

Mean = sum of values ÷ number of values; percentage change = (change ÷ original) × 100.

Newton's second law: F = ma; weight W = mg with g ≈ 9.81 m/s².

Work = force × distance (in direction of force); power = work ÷ time; kinetic energy = ½mv².

Pressure = force ÷ area; hydrostatic pressure p = ρgh.

Density ρ = mass ÷ volume; relative density compares a substance to water.

Heat transfer occurs by conduction, convection and radiation; radiation needs no medium.

Linear expansion ΔL = α·L·ΔT, where α is the coefficient of linear expansion.

Speed of sound in air ≈ 340 m/s at sea level; frequency f = 1/T (T = period).

Moment of a force = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot.

Ohm's law: V = IR; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

Series: R_total = R1 + R2 + …; current is common; voltages add.

Parallel: 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + …; voltage is common; currents add.

Capacitance in farads: C = Q/V; series capacitors add reciprocally, parallel capacitors add directly.

Inductive reactance X_L = 2πfL; capacitive reactance X_C = 1/(2πfC).

Impedance Z = √(R² + (X_L − X_C)²); at resonance X_L = X_C.

Three-phase star: line voltage = √3 × phase voltage; line current = phase current.

Transformer: V1/V2 = N1/N2 = I2/I1 (ideal transformer).

Diode: conducts when forward biased above ~0.7 V (silicon); blocks when reverse biased.

Zener diode operates in reverse breakdown to provide a regulated reference voltage.

BJT: NPN conducts with base-emitter forward biased; collector current ≈ β × base current.

MOSFET is voltage-controlled; gate draws negligible steady-state current.

Operational amplifier: ideal infinite open-loop gain and input impedance, zero output impedance.

Inverting amplifier gain = −Rf/Rin; non-inverting gain = 1 + Rf/Rin.

Rectifier: half-wave uses one diode; full-wave bridge uses four diodes.

LED forward voltage typically 1.8–3.3 V depending on colour; requires a series current-limiting resistor.

Binary to decimal: sum of bit values 2^n for each set bit (e.g. 1011 = 11).

Hex digit = 4 binary bits; 8-bit byte = two hex digits.

Two's complement: invert all bits and add 1 to negate a binary number.

Logic gates: AND outputs 1 only if all inputs 1; OR if any input 1; XOR if inputs differ.

ARINC 429 is a one-way serial bus using 32-bit words; ARINC 629 and AFDX are bidirectional.

MIL-STD-1553 is a bidirectional command/response bus with a bus controller.

A/D conversion: sampling rate must exceed twice the highest signal frequency (Nyquist).

Display types: CRT uses an electron beam; LCD uses polarised light and liquid crystals.

Aluminium alloys: 2024 (copper, good fatigue) and 7075 (zinc, high strength) are common aircraft alloys.

Solution heat treatment followed by precipitation hardening strengthens age-hardenable aluminium alloys.

Anodising builds a protective aluminium oxide layer on aluminium surfaces.

Bolts: AN, MS and NAS designations indicate specification; grip length must match material thickness.

Rivets: solid shank rivets are identified by head shape (universal, countersunk) and alloy code.

Locking devices: tab washers, split pins, lockwire and self-locking nuts prevent loosening.

Corrosion types include galvanic, pitting, intergranular, exfoliation and stress corrosion.

Composite structures: carbon fibre reinforced plastic is strong along fibre direction, weak in matrix direction.

Torque values are applied with a calibrated torque wrench; torque = force × lever arm.

Safety wire must be installed so that tension pulls the fastener in the tightening direction.

Lockwire twist direction and pigtail length are specified in maintenance manuals.

FOD prevention: tool control, inventory checks and inspection before closing panels.

Aircraft jacking requires specified jack points and a level attitude reference.

Bleed air and hydraulic systems must be depressurised before component removal.

Inspection levels: transit, 24-hour, 48-hour, periodic and special inspections.

Maintenance records must be retained and signed by authorised personnel.

Bernoulli: increased fluid velocity corresponds to decreased static pressure along a streamline.

Lift L = ½ρV²SC_L; drag D = ½ρV²SC_D.

Angle of attack is the angle between the chord line and the relative airflow.

Critical angle of attack produces stall regardless of airspeed or weight.

Induced drag decreases with increasing airspeed; parasite drag increases with the square of airspeed.

Centre of pressure moves forward as angle of attack increases on a cambered aerofoil.

Mach number = true airspeed ÷ local speed of sound; critical Mach is where local flow reaches Mach 1.

Boundary layer can be laminar or turbulent; transition is affected by surface roughness.

SHELL model: Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware (people) interacting around the central human.

Hypoxia symptoms: euphoria, impaired judgement, cyanosis, headache; time of useful consciousness falls with altitude.

Fatigue reduces vigilance and reaction time; circadian low typically occurs 02:00–06:00.

Complacency and press-on-itis are common hazardous attitudes in maintenance.

Dirty dozen includes fatigue, complacency, pressure, distraction, lack of communication and lack of resources.

Effective communication uses closed-loop confirmation: sender, receiver, read-back.

Error types: slips (attention), lapses (memory), mistakes (rule/knowledge based).

Noise above 85 dB requires hearing protection; vibration and temperature affect performance.

ICAO Annex 1 covers personnel licensing; Annex 8 covers airworthiness of aircraft.

GCAA CAR-66 defines aircraft maintenance licence categories A, B1, B2 and C.

B2 licence privileges cover avionics and electrical systems maintenance certification.

CAR-145 governs approved maintenance organisations; CAR-M covers continuing airworthiness.

Maintenance records must be retained for the period specified by the authority (commonly two years).

Certificate of airworthiness is issued when the aircraft meets its type design and is maintained per approved programmes.

Airworthiness Directives are mandatory and must be embodied within the stated compliance time.

EASA Part-66 is broadly harmonised with GCAA CAR-66; both use modular knowledge requirements.

Bypass ratio = bypass mass flow ÷ core mass flow; high-bypass engines are more fuel efficient.

Thrust = mass flow × (exhaust velocity − inlet velocity) plus pressure thrust term.

Compressor surge is prevented by bleed valves, variable inlet guide vanes and casing treatment.

Engine stations: intake, LP compressor, HP compressor, combustor, HP turbine, LP turbine, exhaust.

Fuel system includes boost pumps, HP fuel pump, fuel control unit and fuel/air heat exchanger.

Hydraulic system pressure typically 3000 psi; systems are often colour-coded (e.g. green, blue, yellow).

Pressurisation: cabin altitude is controlled by outflow valve; maximum cabin differential is type-specific.

Ice protection uses hot bleed air for wings and engine intakes; electrical heating for probes and windows.

Rotor thrust T = ½ρA(ΩR)²C_T; blade element theory relates lift to local angle of attack.

Induced velocity v_i = √(T/(2ρA)) in hover (momentum theory).

Translational lift occurs as the rotor escapes its own downwash, typically above ~10–15 kt.

Dissymmetry of lift in forward flight is corrected by blade flapping and cyclic feathering.

Retreating blade stall limits maximum forward speed; advancing blade compressibility limits high speed too.

Tail rotor counteracts main rotor torque; loss of tail rotor authority causes yaw.

Autorotation: rotor driven by upward airflow; energy stored in rotor RPM and altitude.

Ground resonance is a dynamic instability involving rotor and fuselage on the ground; dampers mitigate it.

Order of operations: brackets, indices, multiplication/division, addition/subtraction (BIDMAS).

Powers: a^m × a^n = a^(m+n); a^m ÷ a^n = a^(m−n); (a^m)^n = a^(mn); a^0 = 1.

Logarithms: log(ab) = log a + log b; log(a/b) = log a − log b; log(a^n) = n·log a.

Right triangle: sin θ = opposite/hypotenuse; cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse; tan θ = opposite/adjacent.

Pythagoras: c² = a² + b², where c is the hypotenuse.

Sine rule: a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C; cosine rule: a² = b² + c² − 2bc·cos A.

Circle: area = πr²; circumference = 2πr; sector area = (θ/360)·πr².

Mean = sum of values ÷ number of values; percentage change = (change ÷ original) × 100.

Newton's second law: F = ma; weight W = mg with g ≈ 9.81 m/s².

Work = force × distance (in direction of force); power = work ÷ time; kinetic energy = ½mv².

Pressure = force ÷ area; hydrostatic pressure p = ρgh.

Density ρ = mass ÷ volume; relative density compares a substance to water.

Heat transfer occurs by conduction, convection and radiation; radiation needs no medium.

Linear expansion ΔL = α·L·ΔT, where α is the coefficient of linear expansion.

Speed of sound in air ≈ 340 m/s at sea level; frequency f = 1/T (T = period).

Moment of a force = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot.

Ohm's law: V = IR; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

Series: R_total = R1 + R2 + …; current is common; voltages add.

Parallel: 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + …; voltage is common; currents add.

Capacitance in farads: C = Q/V; series capacitors add reciprocally, parallel capacitors add directly.

Inductive reactance X_L = 2πfL; capacitive reactance X_C = 1/(2πfC).

Impedance Z = √(R² + (X_L − X_C)²); at resonance X_L = X_C.

Three-phase star: line voltage = √3 × phase voltage; line current = phase current.

Transformer: V1/V2 = N1/N2 = I2/I1 (ideal transformer).

Diode: conducts when forward biased above ~0.7 V (silicon); blocks when reverse biased.

Zener diode operates in reverse breakdown to provide a regulated reference voltage.

BJT: NPN conducts with base-emitter forward biased; collector current ≈ β × base current.

MOSFET is voltage-controlled; gate draws negligible steady-state current.

Operational amplifier: ideal infinite open-loop gain and input impedance, zero output impedance.

Inverting amplifier gain = −Rf/Rin; non-inverting gain = 1 + Rf/Rin.

Rectifier: half-wave uses one diode; full-wave bridge uses four diodes.

LED forward voltage typically 1.8–3.3 V depending on colour; requires a series current-limiting resistor.

Binary to decimal: sum of bit values 2^n for each set bit (e.g. 1011 = 11).

Hex digit = 4 binary bits; 8-bit byte = two hex digits.

Two's complement: invert all bits and add 1 to negate a binary number.

Logic gates: AND outputs 1 only if all inputs 1; OR if any input 1; XOR if inputs differ.

ARINC 429 is a one-way serial bus using 32-bit words; ARINC 629 and AFDX are bidirectional.

MIL-STD-1553 is a bidirectional command/response bus with a bus controller.

A/D conversion: sampling rate must exceed twice the highest signal frequency (Nyquist).

Display types: CRT uses an electron beam; LCD uses polarised light and liquid crystals.

Aluminium alloys: 2024 (copper, good fatigue) and 7075 (zinc, high strength) are common aircraft alloys.

Solution heat treatment followed by precipitation hardening strengthens age-hardenable aluminium alloys.

Anodising builds a protective aluminium oxide layer on aluminium surfaces.

Bolts: AN, MS and NAS designations indicate specification; grip length must match material thickness.

Rivets: solid shank rivets are identified by head shape (universal, countersunk) and alloy code.

Locking devices: tab washers, split pins, lockwire and self-locking nuts prevent loosening.

Corrosion types include galvanic, pitting, intergranular, exfoliation and stress corrosion.

Composite structures: carbon fibre reinforced plastic is strong along fibre direction, weak in matrix direction.

Torque values are applied with a calibrated torque wrench; torque = force × lever arm.

Safety wire must be installed so that tension pulls the fastener in the tightening direction.

Lockwire twist direction and pigtail length are specified in maintenance manuals.

FOD prevention: tool control, inventory checks and inspection before closing panels.

Aircraft jacking requires specified jack points and a level attitude reference.

Bleed air and hydraulic systems must be depressurised before component removal.

Inspection levels: transit, 24-hour, 48-hour, periodic and special inspections.

Maintenance records must be retained and signed by authorised personnel.

Bernoulli: increased fluid velocity corresponds to decreased static pressure along a streamline.

Lift L = ½ρV²SC_L; drag D = ½ρV²SC_D.

Angle of attack is the angle between the chord line and the relative airflow.

Critical angle of attack produces stall regardless of airspeed or weight.

Induced drag decreases with increasing airspeed; parasite drag increases with the square of airspeed.

Centre of pressure moves forward as angle of attack increases on a cambered aerofoil.

Mach number = true airspeed ÷ local speed of sound; critical Mach is where local flow reaches Mach 1.

Boundary layer can be laminar or turbulent; transition is affected by surface roughness.

SHELL model: Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware (people) interacting around the central human.

Hypoxia symptoms: euphoria, impaired judgement, cyanosis, headache; time of useful consciousness falls with altitude.

Fatigue reduces vigilance and reaction time; circadian low typically occurs 02:00–06:00.

Complacency and press-on-itis are common hazardous attitudes in maintenance.

Dirty dozen includes fatigue, complacency, pressure, distraction, lack of communication and lack of resources.

Effective communication uses closed-loop confirmation: sender, receiver, read-back.

Error types: slips (attention), lapses (memory), mistakes (rule/knowledge based).

Noise above 85 dB requires hearing protection; vibration and temperature affect performance.

ICAO Annex 1 covers personnel licensing; Annex 8 covers airworthiness of aircraft.

GCAA CAR-66 defines aircraft maintenance licence categories A, B1, B2 and C.

B2 licence privileges cover avionics and electrical systems maintenance certification.

CAR-145 governs approved maintenance organisations; CAR-M covers continuing airworthiness.

Maintenance records must be retained for the period specified by the authority (commonly two years).

Certificate of airworthiness is issued when the aircraft meets its type design and is maintained per approved programmes.

Airworthiness Directives are mandatory and must be embodied within the stated compliance time.

EASA Part-66 is broadly harmonised with GCAA CAR-66; both use modular knowledge requirements.

Bypass ratio = bypass mass flow ÷ core mass flow; high-bypass engines are more fuel efficient.

Thrust = mass flow × (exhaust velocity − inlet velocity) plus pressure thrust term.

Compressor surge is prevented by bleed valves, variable inlet guide vanes and casing treatment.

Engine stations: intake, LP compressor, HP compressor, combustor, HP turbine, LP turbine, exhaust.

Fuel system includes boost pumps, HP fuel pump, fuel control unit and fuel/air heat exchanger.

Hydraulic system pressure typically 3000 psi; systems are often colour-coded (e.g. green, blue, yellow).

Pressurisation: cabin altitude is controlled by outflow valve; maximum cabin differential is type-specific.

Ice protection uses hot bleed air for wings and engine intakes; electrical heating for probes and windows.

Rotor thrust T = ½ρA(ΩR)²C_T; blade element theory relates lift to local angle of attack.

Induced velocity v_i = √(T/(2ρA)) in hover (momentum theory).

Translational lift occurs as the rotor escapes its own downwash, typically above ~10–15 kt.

Dissymmetry of lift in forward flight is corrected by blade flapping and cyclic feathering.

Retreating blade stall limits maximum forward speed; advancing blade compressibility limits high speed too.

Tail rotor counteracts main rotor torque; loss of tail rotor authority causes yaw.

Autorotation: rotor driven by upward airflow; energy stored in rotor RPM and altitude.

Ground resonance is a dynamic instability involving rotor and fuselage on the ground; dampers mitigate it.