MOHAP Pharmacist Exam flashcards
MOHAP Pharmacist Exam · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Pharmaceutical care definition
- The responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life, requiring a direct pharmacist-patient relationship.
- Drug therapy problem categories
- Seven categories: unnecessary therapy, needs additional therapy, ineffective drug, dose too high, dose too low, adverse drug reaction, and nonadherence.
- SOAP note format
- A structured documentation method: Subjective (patient-reported), Objective (measurable data), Assessment (problems and drug therapy problems), and Plan (interventions and monitoring).
- Medication reconciliation
- A formal process comparing a patient's best possible medication history with current orders at each care transition to prevent omissions, duplications, and dosing errors.
- Pharmacists' Patient Care Process
- A five-step framework: collect, assess, plan, implement, and monitor/evaluate. It standardizes pharmacist-delivered patient care across practice settings.
- Beta-1 selective blockers
- Cardioselective agents such as metoprolol and bisoprolol that reduce mortality in heart failure; nonselective blockade of beta-2 receptors is avoided.
- ACE inhibitor adverse effects
- Cough from bradykinin accumulation and hyperkalemia from reduced aldosterone. Contraindicated in pregnancy and bilateral renal artery stenosis.
- Warfarin mechanism
- Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, reducing synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X. Monitored by INR; reversed by vitamin K.
- Heparin mechanism
- Potentiates antithrombin III, inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa. Monitored by aPTT and reversed by protamine sulfate.
- Aminoglycoside mechanism
- Bind the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, are bactericidal, and are nephrotoxic and ototoxic, requiring renal dose adjustment and therapeutic drug monitoring.
- Metformin contraindication
- First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes that decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis; contraindicated in severe renal impairment (eGFR below 30) due to lactic acidosis risk.
- Levothyroxine administration
- Taken on an empty stomach 30 to 60 minutes before breakfast; calcium, iron, and proton pump inhibitors reduce its absorption.
- Half-life formula
- t1/2 = 0.693 × Vd / CL. Steady state is reached after approximately four to five half-lives of consistent dosing.
- Bioavailability formula
- F = (AUCoral × DoseIV) / (AUCIV × Doseoral). For an intravenous dose, bioavailability is 100% by definition.
- Zero-order kinetics
- A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time regardless of concentration, as in saturated metabolism; small dose increases cause disproportionate plasma level rises.
- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
- pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]) for acids. The degree of ionization determines lipid membrane permeability and renal tubular reabsorption.
- Prodrug definition
- An inactive derivative that must be biotransformed to release the active drug, often improving absorption, stability, or targeting.
- Phase II metabolism
- Conjugation reactions such as glucuronidation and sulfation that increase water solubility and facilitate excretion.
- Tablet excipient functions
- Diluents add bulk, binders promote cohesion, disintegrants aid breakup, and lubricants/glidants improve manufacturing flow and prevent sticking.
- Pharmacognosy plant sources
- Digitalis glycosides from Digitalis purpurea, morphine from Papaver somniferum, and quinine from Cinchona bark.
- Valid prescription elements
- Prescriber name and signature, date, patient identifiers, drug name, strength, dosage form, directions, and quantity.
- Schedule I controlled substances
- Drugs with high abuse potential and no currently accepted medical use; they are not dispensed by prescription in usual practice.
- Prescription record retention
- Pharmacists must maintain prescription records for the legally required retention period, commonly five years, and must not dispense on expired or altered prescriptions.
- Ethical principles in pharmacy
- Autonomy (patient choice), beneficence (act in patient's interest), nonmaleficence (do no harm), justice (fairness), and confidentiality.
- Informed consent requirements
- Disclosure of the treatment nature, risks, benefits, and alternatives, plus voluntary patient agreement.
- Generic substitution conditions
- Permitted only when law allows, the prescriber has not prohibited it, the patient consents, and the substituted product is bioequivalent.
- High-alert medications
- Drugs such as insulin, heparin, and concentrated electrolytes that carry heightened risk of harmful error, requiring double-checks and standardized labeling.
- Look-alike sound-alike drugs
- Drug names that appear or sound similar, such as hydralazine and hydroxyzine, causing wrong-drug errors; mitigated by tall-man lettering and read-back.
- Root cause analysis
- A structured retrospective method for investigating serious adverse events to identify system-level contributing factors rather than blaming individuals.
- Swiss cheese model
- A safety framework in which multiple defensive layers each have gaps that can align, allowing an error to reach the patient.
- Teach-back method
- A communication technique confirming patient understanding by asking them to restate instructions in their own words rather than asking if they understand.
- SBAR handoff tool
- A structured communication format: Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation, used for clinical handoffs.