AEPA Biology (NT305) study plan

Diagram the four major macromolecule classes and label their monomers, bonds, and two biological functions each

Trace the flow of matter and energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, writing net ATP and electron-carrier yields at each stage

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures in a side-by-side table, including at least eight organelles or structures

Explain how membrane structure determines transport type, giving one example each of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and osmosis

Describe the stages of the cell cycle and identify the checkpoint at which each stage is regulated

Contrast mitosis and meiosis on chromosome number, crossing over, and daughter-cell outcomes

Predict the effect of a disrupted enzyme on a metabolic pathway and justify the prediction with enzyme kinetics reasoning

Explain how photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy, naming the inputs and outputs of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

Solve monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and state the expected phenotypic ratios without looking them up

Distinguish among incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked inheritance using worked examples

Trace the central dogma and predict the protein change caused by a substitution, insertion, or deletion mutation

Interpret a pedigree to determine the most likely mode of inheritance and defend the choice

Summarize the evidence for evolution from fossils, comparative anatomy, molecular data, and observed change

Explain natural selection as a mechanism, listing the conditions required for it to operate

Define and give examples of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions and calculate allele frequencies from genotype data

Distinguish among directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection and among allopatric and sympatric speciation

Compare the major animal phyla on body symmetry, germ layers, and body cavity type

Relate the structure of plant tissues and organs to their transport and support functions

Explain how the major human organ systems maintain homeostasis, giving one feedback loop example each for endocrine and nervous control

Match each vertebrate class to its key adaptations for gas exchange, reproduction, and thermoregulation

Describe how the structure of a mammalian organ system supports its function, tracing one molecule from intake to use and excretion

Define the levels of ecological organization and give a concrete example at each level

Explain energy flow through trophic levels and calculate the effect of a 10% transfer efficiency on a food chain

Contrast the major biogeochemical cycles in terms of reservoirs and key processes

Compare population growth models and identify the factors that regulate population size

Classify species interactions as mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, or competition, predicting the effect on each population

Explain succession, biodiversity, and the factors that influence ecosystem stability

Evaluate a human impact scenario and propose evidence-based mitigation, distinguishing correlation from causation

Design a controlled experiment on a biology question, identifying independent, dependent, and controlled variables and a valid control group

Critique sample experimental designs for bias, confounding variables, and inappropriate conclusions

Interpret data presented in tables and graphs and distinguish observation from inference

Complete a full-length timed practice test and categorize every missed item by domain

Re-teach the two weakest domains using your own notes and re-test those items