Master's Kankor key terms

A comparison of two quantities showing how many times one value contains or is contained in another, usually written as a fraction or with a colon.

A statement that two ratios are equal, allowing one unknown value to be found when the other three parts of the relationship are known.

A number expressed as a fraction of one hundred, used to compare parts of a whole on a common scale.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values, giving a single figure that represents the typical size in that set.

The middle value in a list of numbers arranged in order; if the list has an even count, it is the average of the two middle values.

The value that appears most frequently in a data set; a set may have one mode, several modes, or none at all.

A number between zero and one expressing how likely an event is, calculated as favorable outcomes divided by all equally likely outcomes.

An arrangement of items in which the order matters, so choosing the same items in a different sequence counts as a different result.

A selection of items from a larger group in which the order of selection does not matter, so different orderings of the same items count once.

A form of deductive reasoning with two premises leading to a conclusion, where the conclusion must be true if the premises are true.

Reasoning that moves from general statements to a specific conclusion, guaranteeing the conclusion if the starting statements are correct.

Reasoning that draws a general rule from specific observations; the conclusion is probable rather than certain, even when all evidence is correct.

A comparison identifying a relationship between two pairs of items, used to infer that a similar relationship holds in a new case.

An error in reasoning that makes an argument invalid, such as attacking a person instead of the claim or assuming what one is trying to prove.

A statement offered as a reason or evidence in an argument, from which a conclusion is drawn by logical steps.

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in the same language, such as 'begin' and 'start'.

A word whose meaning is opposite to that of another word, such as 'hot' and 'cold' or 'expand' and 'contract'.

A word that shares spelling or pronunciation with another word but has a different meaning, such as 'bank' of a river and 'bank' for money.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be understood from the literal words alone, such as 'break the ice' meaning to start a conversation.

A sentence structure in which the subject performs the action, as in 'The student wrote the essay', making the doer clear and direct.

A sentence structure in which the subject receives the action, formed with a form of 'be' plus a past participle, as in 'The essay was written'.

The grammar rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb form.

The central point a passage or paragraph is built around, which the supporting sentences explain, illustrate, or defend.

A conclusion reached by reasoning from evidence in a text rather than from a statement made directly by the author.

Information in the surrounding words or sentences that helps a reader work out the meaning of an unfamiliar word.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen, using the pigment chlorophyll.

The movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower concentration.

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, caused by their random motion.

The chemical process in cells that releases energy from glucose, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

The principle that the acceleration of an object equals the net force acting on it divided by its mass, often written as F = ma.

The principle that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force acting on a different body.

The product of an object's mass and its velocity, a quantity that is conserved in a closed system during collisions.

A chemical change in which a substance loses electrons, often by gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, as in rusting or burning.

A chemical change in which a substance gains electrons, often by losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen, the opposite of oxidation.

The amount of a substance containing 6.02 x 10^23 particles, used to relate mass in grams to numbers of atoms or molecules.

The value of the best alternative given up when a choice is made, central to understanding scarcity and trade-offs in economics.

The relationship in which sellers offer more at higher prices and buyers want less, together setting the market price and quantity.

A sustained rise in the general level of prices, which reduces the purchasing power of money over time.

The division of government authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches so that no single body holds all power.

The principle that everyone, including officials and the government itself, is subject to the law and accountable under it.

The full authority of a state to govern itself within its territory without interference from outside powers.