Afghanistan Kankor key terms

In calculus, the instantaneous rate at which a function changes with respect to one variable, found as the limit of the average rate of change as the interval shrinks to zero.

The value a function or sequence approaches as its input approaches some point; the foundation on which derivatives and integrals are defined in calculus.

The accumulated total of a function over an interval, interpreted as area under a curve; the reverse operation of differentiation in the fundamental theorem of calculus.

A function whose graph has no breaks or holes, meaning small changes in input produce small changes in output and the limit equals the function value at each point.

An equation of the form ax squared plus bx plus c equals zero with a not zero; its solutions come from the quadratic formula and correspond to where a parabola crosses the x-axis.

The quantity b squared minus 4ac in a quadratic equation; its sign tells whether the equation has two real roots, one repeated root, or no real roots.

The U-shaped curve traced by a quadratic function, symmetric about a vertical axis and opening upward when the leading coefficient is positive, downward when negative.

A list of numbers in which each term after the first is obtained by adding a fixed constant, called the common difference, to the previous term.

A list of numbers in which each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous term by a fixed nonzero constant called the common ratio.

A selection of items from a group where order does not matter; the number of such selections is counted with factorials and binomial coefficients.

An arrangement of items in which the order of selection matters; the count differs from a combination because rearranging the same items counts as a new arrangement.

The principle that the net force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration, so a larger force or smaller mass produces greater acceleration.

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion, measured by its mass; a body at rest stays at rest unless acted on by a net force.

The rate at which velocity changes with time, including speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction; measured in meters per second squared in SI units.

The energy an object possesses because of its motion, equal to one half its mass times the square of its speed, so doubling speed quadruples the energy.

Stored energy an object has due to its position or configuration, such as gravitational energy from height or elastic energy in a compressed spring.

The energy transferred when a force moves an object through a distance, calculated as force times displacement times the cosine of the angle between them.

The relationship stating that current through a conductor equals the voltage across it divided by its resistance, written as V equals I times R.

The rate at which electric charge flows through a conductor, measured in amperes; in metal wires it is carried by moving electrons.

The opposition a material offers to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms and depending on the material, its length, and its cross-sectional area.

The SI unit for amount of substance, equal to Avogadro's number of particles (about 6.022 times ten to the twenty-third), used to relate mass to particle count.

The mass of one mole of a substance in grams per mole, numerically equal to its formula mass in atomic mass units.

The number of particles in one mole of a substance, approximately 6.022 times ten to the twenty-third, linking microscopic particle counts to measurable macroscopic amounts.

A measure of solution concentration equal to the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution, commonly written with the symbol M.

Substances that donate and accept protons respectively, or that produce hydrogen and hydroxide ions in water; their reaction neutralizes to form salt and water.

A logarithmic scale from 0 to 14 expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, where values below 7 are acidic and above 7 are basic.

Paired chemical processes in which one substance loses electrons (oxidation) while another gains them (reduction); they always occur together in redox reactions.

A chart arranging chemical elements by increasing atomic number so that elements with similar properties fall into the same vertical groups and horizontal periods.

The thin selectively permeable layer surrounding a cell, made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, controlling what enters and leaves.

Organelles in eukaryotic cells that carry out aerobic respiration, converting glucose and oxygen into usable energy stored in ATP molecules.

The process by which green plants and algae use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and release oxygen inside chloroplasts.

The green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis, giving most leaves their characteristic color.

The movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one, without requiring added energy.

The double-stranded molecule that stores genetic information in the sequence of its bases, which are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

A segment of DNA that carries the instructions for making a particular protein or trait and can be passed from parents to offspring.

The type of cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair in body tissues.

A figure of speech that describes one thing as if it were another without using words like 'like' or 'as', creating an implied comparison.

A figure of speech that compares two unlike things explicitly using connecting words such as 'like' or 'as' to highlight a shared quality.

A classical Persian poetic form in which every couplet has its own rhyme, allowing long narrative or didactic poems such as Rumi's well-known work.

A lyric Persian poem of roughly five to fifteen couplets sharing a single rhyme and refrain, traditionally expressing love, longing, or spiritual themes.

The opening section of a classical Persian ode in which the poet describes nature, love, or wine before turning to the main purpose of the poem.

A short traditional Pashto folk poem of two lines with a distinctive rhythm, often sung by women and expressing love, sorrow, or homeland themes.

A brief Pashto folk couplet with a specific metrical pattern and rhyme, used to express sharp observations on life, love, war, or society.

The script used to write Pashto, an adapted Arabic-based alphabet with additional letters such as retroflex consonants and specific vowel signs not found in Arabic.

The core Islamic belief in the absolute oneness of God, affirming that no partner or equal shares in His essence, attributes, or authority.

The declaration of faith stating that there is no god but God and that Muhammad is His messenger; the first of the five pillars of Islam.

The sin of associating partners with God in belief or worship, which Islamic teaching regards as the gravest violation of divine oneness.

The obligatory annual charity in Islam, a fixed portion of qualifying wealth given to specified categories of needy people; one of the five pillars.

The migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, which marks the starting point of the Islamic calendar.

A network of trade routes linking China, Central Asia, Persia, and the Mediterranean, along which goods, ideas, and religions moved for many centuries.

An ancient region in northern Afghanistan and Central Asia, known in history for its wealthy cities and its Hellenistic kingdom after Alexander's conquests.

The boundary drawn in 1893 between Afghanistan and British India, now the border with Pakistan, which Afghanistan has historically not officially recognized.

A major mountain range running through central Afghanistan, forming a barrier between the country's northern plains and southern regions and shaping its climate and settlement.

The longest river in Afghanistan, flowing southwest from the Hindu Kush into the Sistan basin and supporting irrigation and farming in the south.

A traditional grand assembly of Afghan elders and community representatives convened to decide major national questions such as constitutional or leadership matters.