Afghanistan Nursing Exit Exam flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Normal adult respiratory rate

The normal resting respiratory rate for a healthy adult is 12 to 20 breaths per minute; rates below 12 or above 20 are considered abnormal.

Stage 2 pressure injury

Partial-thickness loss of skin with exposed dermis, presenting as a shallow open ulcer or a ruptured or intact blister; subcutaneous fat is not visible.

Hand hygiene

The single most effective measure for preventing healthcare-associated infections; perform before and after patient contact and after body fluid exposure.

Nursing process sequence

Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation; the framework is cyclical and evaluation leads to reassessment and revision of the plan.

Hypoglycemia treatment

For a conscious patient with blood glucose below 70 mg/dL, give 15 to 20 grams of fast-acting oral carbohydrate and recheck glucose in 15 minutes.

Diabetic ketoacidosis triad

Hyperglycemia above 250 mg/dL, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis with pH below 7.3 and bicarbonate below 18 mEq/L; treat with fluids, insulin, and potassium.

Heart failure daily weight

A weight gain of more than 2 to 3 pounds in one day or more than 5 pounds in one week suggests fluid retention and worsening heart failure.

Stroke thrombolytic window

Alteplase may be given for ischemic stroke up to 4.5 hours after symptom onset, provided blood pressure is below 185/110 mmHg and there are no contraindications.

Naegele's rule

Estimate the delivery date by taking the first day of the last menstrual period, adding 7 days, subtracting 3 months, and adding 1 year.

Normal fetal heart rate

A baseline fetal heart rate of 110 to 160 beats per minute with moderate variability is reassuring; late decelerations suggest uteroplacental insufficiency.

Postpartum hemorrhage definition

Blood loss greater than 500 mL after vaginal birth or greater than 1000 mL after cesarean birth; uterine atony is the most common cause.

APGAR score

Assessment at 1 and 5 minutes of Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration, each scored 0 to 2; a total of 7 or more is generally reassuring.

Infant weight milestones

Birth weight is typically regained by 2 weeks, doubled by 5 to 6 months, and tripled by 12 months of age.

Pediatric dehydration signs

Sunken fontanel, decreased tears, dry mucous membranes, and capillary refill longer than 2 seconds suggest dehydration; weight loss guides severity classification.

Kawasaki disease criteria

Fever for at least 5 days plus 4 of 5 features: conjunctivitis, oral mucous membrane changes, rash, extremity changes, and cervical lymphadenopathy.

Epiglottitis nursing priority

Keep the child upright and calm, avoid inspecting the throat, and prepare for emergency airway management because sudden airway obstruction can occur.

Levels of prevention

Primary prevents disease before it occurs, secondary detects disease early through screening, and tertiary reduces complications through rehabilitation and chronic care.

Incidence versus prevalence

Incidence counts new cases in a population at risk over a period; prevalence counts all existing cases in the total population at a point or period.

Herd immunity threshold

The proportion of a population that must be immune to interrupt transmission, calculated as 1 minus 1 divided by the basic reproduction number.

Vaccine cold chain

Most vaccines must be stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, protected from freezing and light, with temperature logs and vaccine vial monitors checked regularly.

Serotonin syndrome triad

Mental status changes, autonomic instability such as hyperthermia, and neuromuscular abnormalities such as clonus or hyperreflexia after serotonergic drug use.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Rigidity, high fever, altered mental status, and autonomic instability with elevated creatine kinase after antipsychotic use; stop the drug and provide supportive care.

Alcohol withdrawal timeline

Withdrawal symptoms begin within hours of the last drink; seizures and delirium tremens peak 48 to 96 hours later and are managed with benzodiazepines.

Therapeutic communication techniques

Active listening, open-ended questions, reflection, clarification, and summarizing encourage expression; avoid false reassurance, advice-giving, and why-questions.

Digoxin toxicity signs

Nausea, anorexia, visual changes such as yellow-green halos, bradycardia, and arrhythmias; therapeutic serum level is 0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL.

Warfarin monitoring

Monitor INR with a target of 2 to 3 for most indications; vitamin K is the antidote, and heparin's antidote is protamine sulfate.

Opioid overdose antidote

Naloxone reverses respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, and coma; titrate to restore adequate respiration while monitoring for re-sedation.

Insulin onset times

Rapid-acting insulin starts in about 15 minutes, short-acting regular in 30 minutes, intermediate NPH in 1 to 2 hours, and long-acting glargine has no peak.

Adult CPR compression rate

Compress at 100 to 120 per minute to a depth of 5 to 6 cm with full recoil, using a 30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratio without an advanced airway.

Sepsis bundle

Measure lactate, obtain blood cultures, give broad-spectrum antibiotics within 1 hour, and give 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate of 4 mmol/L or higher.

Glasgow Coma Scale

Eye 1 to 4, verbal 1 to 5, and motor 1 to 6, totaling 3 to 15; a score of 8 or less indicates severe impairment and need for airway protection.

Informed consent elements

Capacity, disclosure of risks, benefits, and alternatives, understanding, and voluntariness; the provider performing the procedure obtains consent.

Negligence elements

Duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages must all be proven; malpractice is professional negligence in the delivery of care.