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Bengaluru earned this nickname because of the dense cluster of IT firms, start-ups and research institutions located there. Its temperate climate and early software parks helped it become the country's leading technology hub.
The Tropic of Cancer crosses India through eight states, running roughly through Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. It passes near the middle of the country and is an important reference line in Indian geography.
Article 32 empowers citizens to move the Supreme Court directly for enforcement of fundamental rights, which is why it is called the Right to Constitutional Remedies. Dr B. R. Ambedkar described it as the heart and soul of the Constitution.
Pratibha Patil held office from 2007 to 2012 and was the first woman to serve as President of India. Sarojini Naidu and Sucheta Kripalani were prominent political figures but never held the presidency, and Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister.
Robert Clive's Company forces defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, at Plassey in 1757. The victory established British political power in Bengal and is often treated as the beginning of colonial rule in India.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in Pune in 1905 to train dedicated public workers. Gokhale favoured constitutional methods and moderate reform rather than mass agitation.
Gandhi walked from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to make salt from seawater and defy the British salt monopoly and its tax. The march began the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.
The ozone layer lies mainly in the stratosphere, roughly 15 to 35 kilometres above the surface. Ozone there absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation before it reaches the ground.
Weight equals mass times local gravity, so reducing gravity to one-sixth reduces weight to one-sixth of its Earth value. One-sixth of 60 N is 10 N, while the mass itself stays unchanged.
A scalar has magnitude only, whereas a vector has both magnitude and direction. Work is a scalar because it is the dot product of force and displacement, yielding only a magnitude.
Washing soda is sodium carbonate, written as Na2CO3, usually found as the decahydrate. Sodium bicarbonate is baking soda, sodium hydroxide is caustic soda and sodium chloride is common salt.
Nitrogen makes up roughly 78 per cent of the atmosphere by volume, while oxygen accounts for about 21 per cent. The remaining one per cent is mostly argon with traces of carbon dioxide and other gases.
Ultraviolet B radiation converts a cholesterol derivative in the skin into vitamin D3, which is then activated in the liver and kidneys. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and bone health.
O negative red cells lack A, B and Rh D antigens, so they are not attacked by antibodies in most recipients' plasma. This makes them suitable for emergency transfusion when the recipient's group is unknown.
The RBI began operations in 1935 as a private shareholders' bank and was nationalised on 1 January 1949. That year it also became the central bank of independent India with full public ownership.
Stagflation describes the unusual combination of stagnation and inflation, where prices rise while output and employment stagnate. It challenges the usual trade-off between inflation and unemployment.
The Election Commission of India is the constitutional body that superintends and conducts elections, including the indirect election of the President. The President is elected by an electoral college but the process is handled by the Commission.
On 13 April 1919, General Dyer's troops fired on a crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. The incident became a turning point in the Indian freedom struggle and led to the Hunter Commission inquiry.
The Narmada flows westward through a rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges and empties into the Arabian Sea. The other rivers listed are east-flowing peninsular rivers that drain into the Bay of Bengal.
Operation Meghdoot was launched in April 1984 to secure the Siachen Glacier and establish Indian control of the high-altitude region. It is considered one of the highest-altitude military operations ever conducted.
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam led the development of India's indigenous missile programmes, including Agni and Prithvi, and later served as President. His work in defence research earned him the popular title 'Missile Man'.
India held the G20 presidency from December 2022 to November 2023 and hosted the leaders' summit in New Delhi. The theme was 'One Earth, One Family, One Future'.
The Kalinga war is dated to about 261 BCE, which falls in the third century BCE during Ashoka's reign. The bloodshed prompted his turn towards Buddhism and the policy of dhamma.
Ambedkar applied this description to Article 32, the Right to Constitutional Remedies, because it makes the other fundamental rights enforceable. Without a remedy, rights would exist only on paper.
The liver is the largest internal gland and the largest solid organ, weighing about 1.5 kilograms in adults. It secretes bile and performs many metabolic functions.
Article 312 empowers Parliament to create All India Services common to the Union and the States if the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution supported by a majority of its total membership. Article 315 deals with public service commissions, Article 324 with the Election Commission and Article 356 with President's Rule.
The Tropic of Cancer crosses India roughly through Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. Kerala lies far to the south of this latitude.
Electric charge is measured in coulombs, defined as the charge transported by a steady current of one ampere in one second. Volt measures potential difference, ampere measures current and ohm measures resistance.
Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, at Plassey in 1757, largely through the defection of Mir Jafar. This victory established Company political power in Bengal.
Scurvy results from a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which is needed for collagen synthesis. Symptoms include bleeding gums and poor wound healing.
Natural gas consists mainly of methane, typically 70-90 per cent by volume, with smaller amounts of ethane, propane and butane. Methane is the simplest alkane.
Lord Dalhousie applied the Doctrine of Lapse, under which states without a natural heir lapsed to the British, leading to annexations such as Satara and Jhansi. Wellesley used the Subsidiary Alliance system.
The Godavari, at about 1,465 km, is the longest river whose entire course lies within Indian territory. The Ganga flows through India and Bangladesh.
Under the rules of the House, the Speaker addresses a resignation letter to the Deputy Speaker, and the Deputy Speaker resigns to the Speaker. This preserves the independence of the office.
Anaerobic decomposition in flooded paddy fields and enteric fermentation in ruminants release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Nitrogen is not a greenhouse gas in the same sense, and sulphur dioxide is not produced by these processes.
Attosecond light pulses, on the order of 10^-18 seconds, allow researchers to observe electron motion within atoms and molecules. The award recognised work in attosecond physics.
The early Mughal succession ran Babur, then Humayun, then Akbar, then Jahangir. Each option must follow this chronological sequence.
A higher cash reserve ratio locks up a larger share of bank deposits with the central bank, reducing lendable funds and contracting credit creation. This is a contractionary monetary measure.
The Poona Pact was signed in 1932 between Gandhi and B. R. Ambedkar, replacing separate electorates for the Depressed Classes with reserved seats in joint electorates. It followed Gandhi's fast against the Communal Award.
Indian Standard Time is based on the meridian of 82 degrees 30 minutes east longitude, which passes near Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. It is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.
'Benevolent' means kind and wishing good to others; its true antonym must mean wishing harm. 'Malevolent' carries exactly that sense of ill will, making it the precise opposite.
The noun is formed from the verb 'occur' by doubling the final consonant and adding '-ence'. The correct spelling therefore has two c's, two r's and ends in '-ence'.
With a perfect tense and a specific point in time, the preposition 'since' marks the starting point of an ongoing action. 'For' would require a duration such as 'five years' rather than a year.
The clause about the courtroom falling silent signals seriousness, so a word meaning solemn or weighty fits. 'Grave' conveys that gravity and matches the tone of a judge's remarks.
The word modifies the verb 'sings' by describing how the action is performed. Words that modify verbs in this way are adverbs, typically ending in '-ly'.
'Candid' means open and honest in expression. 'Frank' carries the same sense of straightforward honesty and is the closest synonym.
The choice between 'a' and 'an' depends on the sound that follows, not the letter. 'Honest' begins with a vowel sound because the 'h' is silent, so 'an' is required.
'Transparent' means allowing light through so objects behind can be clearly seen. Its opposite is 'opaque', which blocks light completely.
The idiom describes avoiding the main point by talking about everything else. It therefore means to speak evasively or indirectly rather than coming to the matter.
In a hypothetical condition contrary to fact, the past subjunctive 'were' is used with all subjects. This is the standard form in the second conditional.