Hair and Scalp Care
Structure first
Every scalp question rests on anatomy. The hair has a follicle, bulb, papilla (blood and nutrient supply), and sebaceous gland; the shaft has cuticle (protective scales), cortex (bulk, pigment, strength), and medulla (central core, often absent in fine hair). Sebum from the sebaceous gland lubricates hair and scalp; its over- or under-production drives the conditions you must recognize.
Conditions to identify
Distinguish dandruff (pityriasis) - flaking, manageable with medicated shampoo - from seborrheic dermatitis (redness, greasy scales, often needs referral), tinea (ringworm: contagious, refer), and pediculosis (lice: contagious, refer, disinfect tools). Know alopecia types: androgenetic (pattern), alopecia areata (patchy, autoimmune), and traumatic/traction alopecia from tight styling. Trap: questions that ask whether a barber may treat ringworm or lice - the answer is always no; refer.
Analysis and care
A scalp analysis uses good lighting, parting, and magnification; note density, texture, elasticity, porosity, and any lesions. Treatments include scalp massage to increase circulation, medicated shampoos for dandruff, and moisturizing or clarifying products matched to the scalp type (dry, oily, normal).
Worked rule of thumb
"Red, ringed, or crawling = refer; flaking and dry = treat." That single line resolves most condition questions.
Trap to watch
Do not confuse a contagious condition with a cosmetic one; the exam loves to offer a treatment option for a condition that legally requires referral.