Albania State Exam - Speech Therapist flashcards
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- Broca aphasia
- Nonfluent aphasia with effortful, telegraphic speech, relatively preserved comprehension, and poor repetition; caused by a lesion in the left inferior frontal gyrus.
- Wernicke aphasia
- Fluent aphasia with paraphasic speech, poor comprehension, and poor repetition; caused by a lesion in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus.
- Conduction aphasia
- Fluent speech with relatively preserved comprehension but markedly impaired repetition, typically from a lesion of the arcuate fasciculus.
- Hypokinetic dysarthria
- Dysarthria associated with Parkinson disease and basal ganglia dysfunction, marked by reduced loudness, monopitch, and rapid or festinating speech.
- Apraxia of speech
- A motor planning and programming disorder with groping, inconsistent articulatory errors, and impaired prosody, distinct from dysarthria and aphasia.
- Source-filter theory
- The larynx produces a harmonic sound source that the vocal tract filters into formants; F1 relates to tongue height and F2 to tongue front-back position.
- Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory
- Vocal fold vibration results from subglottal pressure and tissue elasticity rather than active muscle contraction on each vibratory cycle.
- Velopharyngeal closure
- Closure of the nasal port during speech by levator veli palatini and pharyngeal constrictors; failure causes hypernasality and nasal emission.
- Cochlear amplifier
- Outer hair cell electromotility that sharpens frequency tuning and amplifies low-level sounds; inner hair cells are the primary transducers.
- Canonical babbling
- Repetitive syllable production with adult-like consonants and vowels emerging around 6-9 months; a strong predictor of later phonological development.
- Brown's morpheme order
- A predictable sequence of grammatical morphemes from present progressive -ing through articles, past tense -ed, third-person -s, and contractible auxiliary.
- Mean length of utterance
- Average number of morphemes per utterance in a language sample; MLU 1.0-2.0 corresponds to Brown stage I, about age 2.
- Joint attention
- Shared focus between child and caregiver on an object, emerging around 9-12 months; its absence by 18 months suggests autism risk.
- Developmental language disorder
- Persistent language deficits not explained by hearing loss, intellectual disability, or other biomedical conditions, affecting about 7% of children.
- Childhood apraxia of speech
- A pediatric motor planning disorder with inconsistent errors, groping, and prosodic impairment, distinct from phonological disorder and dysarthria.
- Selective mutism
- An anxiety-based failure to speak in specific settings despite speaking in others, not a language disorder; treated with behavioral exposure and CBT.
- Stuttering persistence risk
- Risk factors for persistent stuttering include family history, male sex, onset after 3.5 years, and concomitant speech or language disorders.
- s/z ratio
- Ratio of maximum phonation time for /s/ versus /z/; a value above 1.4 suggests glottal incompetence or vocal fold pathology.
- Vocal fold nodules
- Bilateral symmetric phonotraumatic lesions at the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the vocal folds; voice therapy is first-line treatment.
- Spasmodic dysphonia
- A focal dystonia; adductor type causes strained-strangled voice breaks and is treated with botulinum toxin injections into the thyroarytenoid muscle.
- Pure-tone severity categories
- Normal ≤25 dB HL; mild 26-40; moderate 41-55; moderately severe 56-70; severe 71-90; profound >90 dB HL.
- Tympanometry Type B
- A flat tympanogram with no pressure peak, suggesting middle ear effusion, perforation, or occlusion of the ear canal.
- Otoacoustic emissions
- Sounds produced by outer hair cell motility; absent OAEs with normal middle ear function suggest cochlear hearing loss.
- Auditory brainstem response
- An evoked potential used for newborn hearing screening and retrocochlear assessment; wave V latency increases as stimulus intensity decreases.
- Penetration-aspiration scale
- An 8-point scale rating depth of airway invasion during swallowing; 1 indicates no penetration and 8 indicates silent aspiration below the vocal folds.
- Mendelsohn maneuver
- A swallow maneuver that elevates the larynx and prolongs upper esophageal sphincter opening to improve bolus transit.
- Videofluoroscopic swallow study
- An instrumental swallowing assessment using fluoroscopy and barium to visualize all phases of swallow and detect aspiration in real time.
- Standard error of measurement
- SEM = SD × √(1 − reliability); used to build confidence intervals around obtained test scores to account for measurement error.
- Dynamic assessment
- A test-teach-retest procedure measuring learning potential; helps distinguish language difference from language disorder, especially in bilingual children.
- LSVT LOUD
- An intensive high-effort loud phonation treatment for hypokinetic dysarthria in Parkinson disease, targeting increased vocal loudness and calibration.
- Constraint-induced language therapy
- An aphasia treatment that restricts compensatory gestures and forces spoken output through massed practice of structured language tasks.
- Motivational interviewing
- A client-centered counseling method using open questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries to elicit change talk and reduce resistance.