ALOA CPS cheat sheet

A pin tumbler lock's security depends on the number of pin stacks, the number of usable shear-line spacings, and the keying tolerances; a 5-pin cylinder with 6 depths yields 6^5 = 7,776 theoretical bittings before keying constraints.

The plug rotates only when every bottom pin's top surface aligns flush with the shear line; a single over-lifted or under-lifted pin blocks rotation.

In a wafer lock, the wafers must be flush with the plug diameter; wafer locks are generally less resistant to picking and raking than pin tumbler locks because of looser tolerances and fewer security features.

A deadbolt with a 1-inch throw and a hardened steel bolt is the minimum common residential standard; the strike plate must be anchored into the wall framing, not just the jamb, to resist forced entry.

Master keying creates a pin stack that can be split at two shear lines; the master shear line uses a shallower bottom pin plus a master wafer, and excessive master wafers reduce pick resistance and increase key interchange.

The correct key cut depth is determined by the manufacturer's root-depth and spacing specifications; using a worn or incorrect depth key can damage pins or the plug.

For a cylinder to be rekeyed, the bottom pins must be replaced to match the new key's bitting; the driver pins and springs are reused if undamaged.

A rim cylinder is mounted through the door face and operates a night latch or rim lock; a mortise cylinder threads into a mortise lock body and is secured with a set screw.

The three basic lock functions are: latch (spring latch, no deadbolt), deadbolt (positive locking), and deadlatch (spring latch with anti-shim feature).

Vehicle key cutting requires the correct key blank (transponder, laser-cut, or standard) and the manufacturer's bitting code or a decoded key; incorrect blank selection can damage the ignition or door lock.

Transponder keys contain an RFID chip; programming requires a diagnostic tool or a specific on-board procedure (e.g., cycling the ignition with a master key), and some vehicles require all keys to be present for programming.

Remote keyless entry (RKE) fobs and smart keys often require synchronization (e.g., pressing buttons in sequence, or placing the fob in a backup slot) after battery replacement or programming.

The key code for many vehicles is derived from the VIN via a manufacturer or aftermarket database; access to these databases is restricted, and using them requires proof of ownership or authorization.

Laser-cut (high-security) keys are tracked by code cards and often require a security code or online authorization to cut; duplicating such keys without authorization may violate manufacturer agreements.

When a vehicle is locked out, non-destructive entry techniques (e.g., using a wedge and long-reach tool) are preferred; air wedges and pump wedges must be used carefully to avoid damaging weather seals or door frames.

The vehicle's immobilizer system may enter a lockout mode after multiple failed programming attempts; a scan tool with the correct software is often needed to reset it.

Key generation for vehicles often requires cutting by code rather than duplication; a code-cut key is more accurate and avoids copying wear from an old key.

Safe ratings (e.g., TL-15, TL-30) indicate the time a tool attack can be resisted; TL-15 means the safe can withstand a sophisticated tool attack for at least 15 minutes.

A combination lock's security is measured by the number of possible combinations; a three-number combination on a 100-number dial yields 100^3 = 1,000,000 theoretical combinations, but mechanical constraints reduce the effective number.

Safe manipulation involves feeling for contact points and wheel gates; the goal is to align all wheel gates with the fence, which requires identifying the number of wheels and the contact area.

Drilling a safe requires knowledge of the lock's internal layout; a drill point is chosen to bypass the lock or to view the wheel pack, and a scope or borescope may be used.

Relocking devices are designed to fire if the lock is attacked (e.g., by heat or drilling), jamming the boltwork; a locksmith must be prepared to deal with a fired relocker.

A safe's boltwork must extend into the door frame or body; the bolt diameter and the number of bolts contribute to resistance against prying and peeling attacks.

Fire ratings (e.g., 350°F for 1 hour) indicate the internal temperature limit during a fire; fire safes often use gypsum or ceramic insulation, which can absorb moisture and require humidity control.

When opening a safe, the locksmith should first attempt non-destructive methods (manipulation, trying default combinations, checking for a change key); destructive methods are a last resort and require owner authorization.

Before performing any lockout or rekey, verify the customer's identity and authority (e.g., government-issued ID, proof of residence, or a work order) to avoid facilitating unauthorized entry.

Maintain a written record of every job: date, time, location, customer name, services performed, parts used, and the customer's signature; this documentation protects both the locksmith and the customer.

Liability insurance (general liability and errors & omissions) is a business necessity; without it, a single claim can exceed the value of the business.

Pricing should be transparent: provide a written estimate before work begins, and obtain approval for any additional charges; avoid bait-and-switch pricing tactics.

Comply with local licensing and registration requirements; many jurisdictions require locksmiths to be licensed, bonded, and to display their license number on advertising.

Respect customer confidentiality: do not disclose key codes, alarm codes, or security details to third parties without written consent or a legal requirement.

When selling or installing hardware, ensure it meets applicable building and fire codes (e.g., egress requirements, panic hardware on commercial doors).

Keep accurate financial records for tax purposes; separate business and personal finances, and track deductible expenses such as tools, vehicle costs, and training.