ALPT C1 flashcards
ALPT C1 · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Main idea
- The central claim a passage develops and supports across most of its paragraphs, broader than any single supporting detail.
- Supporting detail
- A specific fact, example, or statistic inside a passage that exists to back up the main idea rather than stand alone.
- Valid inference
- A conclusion forced by the passage combined with ordinary logic, not one merely made plausible by outside knowledge.
- Author's tone
- The attitude conveyed through word choice, ranging from laudatory or measured to neutral, analytical, caustic, or dismissive.
- Pronoun reference
- The rule that a pronoun points to the nearest preceding noun phrase agreeing in number and making sense in context.
- Scope distractor
- An answer choice that is factually true about the passage but addresses a topic the question did not ask about.
- Signal word
- A connector such as however, therefore, or for example that reveals contrast, conclusion, or supporting evidence in a text.
- Lecture structure
- The typical arc of topic announcement, background, main claim, examples, qualification, and summary that organizes academic listening.
- Hedging language
- Words like seems, arguably, or possibly that reduce a speaker's certainty and signal a claim held with reservation.
- High-value detail
- Numbers, dates, and proper names in speech that are frequently tested and worth noting the moment they are heard.
- Speaker attitude
- A listener's judgment of a speaker's stance, inferred from intonation and evaluative adjectives rather than literal content alone.
- Conversation resolution
- The pattern in dialogue items where the second speaker's reply supplies the answer to the problem raised by the first.
- Reversed-relation trap
- A listening option that repeats a heard word but flips the relationship, swapping cause with effect or before with after.
- Subject-verb agreement
- The rule that a verb matches its head noun in number, ignoring intervening prepositional phrases such as of tools.
- Nearest-subject rule
- With either/or and neither/nor constructions, the verb agrees in number with whichever subject appears closest to it.
- Present perfect
- A verb form using have plus past participle that connects a past action to its present relevance or result.
- Past perfect
- A verb form using had plus past participle that marks the earlier of two events located in the past.
- Third conditional
- A structure using had plus past participle with would have, expressing an unreal past situation and its imagined result.
- Restrictive clause
- A clause introduced by that with no commas, essential to identifying which noun is meant and not removable.
- Parallel structure
- The requirement that items joined by and, or, or but share the same grammatical form, such as all infinitives.
- Dangling modifier
- An opening participle whose implied subject does not match the sentence's actual subject, producing an illogical statement.
- Thesis statement
- A single arguable claim plus its supporting reasons, placed at the end of an introduction to govern the whole essay.
- Topic sentence
- The first sentence of a body paragraph announcing the one idea that paragraph will develop and support with evidence.
- Comma splice
- Two independent clauses joined by only a comma, fixable with a conjunction, a semicolon, or a period.
- Cohesion
- The quality by which each sentence's opening links backward to the previous sentence's key noun or idea.
- Transition logic
- The mapping of connectors to relationships: moreover adds, consequently shows result, conversely contrasts, namely specifies.
- Active voice
- A clause structure where the grammatical subject performs the action, the default choice unless the actor is unknown.
- Fluency measure
- A speaking rating based on pause frequency and self-repair rate rather than accent or rate of speech.
- Opinion answer structure
- A speaking pattern of position, reason, example, and restated position that keeps extended answers organized.
- Connected speech linking
- The blending of a final consonant into a following vowel, as when an apple sounds like a-napple.
- Lexical stress shift
- A pattern where stress moves between syllables by word class, as in the noun REcord and the verb reCORD.
- Intonation contour
- The pitch pattern of an utterance, falling on statements and wh-questions, rising on yes/no questions.