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Armenia Advocate Qualification study materials
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Armenia Advocate Qualification practice questions

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Question 1Constitutional Law

Under the Armenian Constitution, who is recognized as the source of power in the Republic of Armenia?

  1. The President
  2. The people Correct answer.
  3. The Constitutional Court
  4. The National Assembly

Explanation

The Constitution declares that power in the Republic of Armenia belongs to the people, who exercise it through free elections and other constitutionally provided means. State bodies merely derive their authority from this popular sovereignty.

Question 2Constitutional Law

Which body has the authority to adopt the state budget of Armenia?

  1. The Government
  2. The Central Bank
  3. The Constitutional Court
  4. The National Assembly Correct answer.

Explanation

The National Assembly adopts the state budget upon the Government's proposal. Budget approval is a core legislative function reserved to the parliament.

Question 3Constitutional Law

The Constitution of Armenia was adopted by referendum in which year?

  1. 1991
  2. 1995 Correct answer.
  3. 1999
  4. 2005

Explanation

The Constitution of the Republic of Armenia was adopted by nationwide referendum on 5 July 1995. Later amendments were also adopted by referendum, but 1995 is the original adoption date.

Question 4Constitutional Law

How many judges serve on the Constitutional Court of Armenia under the current constitutional framework?

  1. Eleven
  2. Seven
  3. Nine Correct answer.
  4. Thirteen

Explanation

The Constitutional Court is composed of nine judges under the amended Constitution. The composition is fixed to ensure a stable body of constitutional review.

Question 5Constitutional Law

Which chapter of the Constitution guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual?

  1. Chapter on the Judiciary
  2. Chapter on Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Correct answer.
  3. Chapter on the Fundamentals of Constitutional Order
  4. Chapter on Local Self-Government

Explanation

Fundamental rights and freedoms are consolidated in the chapter devoted to human and civil rights. This chapter sets out both personal and socio-economic guarantees.

Question 6Constitutional Law

According to the Constitution, what is the highest value of the Armenian state?

  1. Territorial integrity
  2. National security
  3. Economic development
  4. The human being and their rights and freedoms Correct answer.

Explanation

The Constitution proclaims the human being, their dignity, and rights and freedoms as the highest value. State institutions are structured to protect these values.

Question 7Constitutional Law

A law restricts a fundamental right. Which requirement must it satisfy to be constitutionally valid?

  1. It must be reviewed by the Constitutional Court before enactment
  2. It must be adopted by a two-thirds majority in all cases
  3. It must be approved by the President personally
  4. It must pursue a legitimate aim and be proportionate Correct answer.

Explanation

Restrictions on rights are permissible only by law, for a legitimate aim, and to the extent necessary in a democratic society, meaning the measure must be proportionate. Not every restriction requires supermajority or prior review.

Question 8Constitutional Law

A citizen is detained by police without being informed of the reasons. Which constitutional guarantee is most directly implicated?

  1. The right to freedom of assembly
  2. The right to property
  3. The right to vote
  4. The right to liberty and security Correct answer.

Explanation

The right to liberty and security protects against arbitrary detention and requires that a person be informed promptly of the reasons for detention. Property, voting, and assembly rights are not primarily engaged by arrest procedures.

Question 9Constitutional Law

Which body resolves disputes over the constitutionality of laws upon the application of authorized subjects?

  1. The Constitutional Court Correct answer.
  2. The National Assembly
  3. The Prosecutor General's Office
  4. The Court of Cassation

Explanation

Constitutional review of laws falls to the Constitutional Court, which alone may declare normative acts unconstitutional. Ordinary courts apply laws but do not annul them on constitutional grounds.

Question 10Constitutional Law

A person alleges that a final court decision violated their constitutional right. Which remedy is available under Armenian constitutional justice?

  1. A direct complaint to the Prosecutor General
  2. An appeal to the President
  3. An individual application to the Constitutional Court Correct answer.
  4. A petition to the National Assembly

Explanation

The Constitution allows individuals to apply to the Constitutional Court when a final judicial act has exhausted ordinary remedies and they claim a violation of their constitutional rights. The other bodies do not provide constitutional redress.

Question 11Constitutional Law

What is the term of office of a judge of the Constitutional Court under the amended Constitution?

  1. For life without limit
  2. Twelve years Correct answer.
  3. Six years
  4. Nine years

Explanation

Constitutional Court judges serve a fixed twelve-year term and are not eligible for reappointment. This balances judicial independence with periodic renewal of the bench.

Question 12Constitutional Law

The President of Armenia is elected by which procedure under the current Constitution?

  1. The National Assembly Correct answer.
  2. The Council of Ministers
  3. Direct popular vote
  4. The Constitutional Court

Explanation

Following constitutional amendments, the President is elected by the National Assembly rather than by direct popular vote. This shifted the office toward a ceremonial head of state.

Question 13Constitutional Law

Which of the following best describes the principle of separation of powers in the Armenian Constitution?

  1. The President exercises all three powers simultaneously
  2. Judicial power is subordinate to the executive branch
  3. Legislative, executive, and judicial powers are exercised by distinct bodies with checks and balances Correct answer.
  4. All power is concentrated in the National Assembly

Explanation

The Constitution divides state power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches that act independently while checking one another. No single body may monopolize all functions.

Question 14Constitutional Law

A municipality adopts a decision that conflicts with a national law. What is the constitutional status of local self-government in this context?

  1. Local self-government operates within the framework of the Constitution and laws Correct answer.
  2. Local decisions automatically prevail over national legislation
  3. Local self-government is a purely administrative extension of the central government
  4. Local self-government is fully autonomous and immune from national law

Explanation

Local self-government is recognized and guaranteed but functions within the constitutional and legal framework; municipal acts must comply with national law. Autonomy does not confer supremacy over legislation.

Question 15Constitutional Law

Which right is protected by the constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression, and what is its principal limit?

  1. It protects the communication of ideas and information, subject to lawful proportionate restrictions Correct answer.
  2. It may be restricted whenever the government finds speech inconvenient
  3. It applies only to journalists and media outlets
  4. It protects only political speech and has no limits

Explanation

Freedom of expression covers ideas and information broadly and may be restricted only by law for legitimate aims and in a proportionate manner. Disagreement with the government is not a valid ground for restriction.

Question 16Constitutional Law

The Constitution provides that everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. Which statement correctly reflects the constitutional rule on prior authorization?

  1. Assemblies may be banned solely because they criticize state policy
  2. Peaceful assemblies may be held without prior authorization, subject to lawful notification rules Correct answer.
  3. Assemblies require prior written permission from the Government
  4. Only registered political parties may organize assemblies

Explanation

Peaceful assembly is guaranteed without prior authorization; organizers may be required to notify authorities so that public order can be maintained. Bans based on the content of criticism are impermissible.

Question 17Constitutional Law

A new constitutional amendment would abolish the independence of the judiciary. How is such an amendment assessed under the Constitution?

  1. It is valid if the President signs it
  2. It is valid if the Constitutional Court approves the text in advance
  3. It is valid if adopted by referendum regardless of content
  4. It is impermissible because core constitutional principles have unamendable status Correct answer.

Explanation

Certain foundational principles, including the fundamentals of the constitutional order, cannot be amended or abolished even by referendum. Judicial independence belongs to this entrenched core.

Question 18Constitutional Law

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the constitutional principle of the rule of law (legal state) in Armenia?

  1. Administrative discretion is unlimited
  2. State bodies may act without legal basis if the goal is beneficial
  3. All state authority is exercised on the basis of and in accordance with law Correct answer.
  4. Only courts are bound by the Constitution

Explanation

The rule of law requires that all public authority be exercised on a legal basis and in conformity with law, and that discretion be bounded. No state body is exempt from legal constraints.

Question 19Constitutional Law

The Constitution declares Armenia to be a sovereign, democratic, social, and legal state. What does the 'social state' characterization primarily imply?

  1. The state abolishes private property
  2. The state owns all means of production
  3. The state pursues policies ensuring a dignified life and social protection for its people Correct answer.
  4. The state delegates all welfare to private charity

Explanation

The social state commitment obliges public authorities to pursue policies that promote welfare, social protection, and a dignified standard of living. It does not entail collective ownership or the abolition of private property.

Question 20Constitutional Law

Which of the following powers belongs to the National Assembly in relation to the Government?

  1. Expressing a vote of no confidence in the Government Correct answer.
  2. Appointing all judges of the Constitutional Court unilaterally
  3. Directing individual criminal investigations
  4. Commanding the armed forces in wartime

Explanation

The National Assembly may express a vote of no confidence in the Government, reflecting parliamentary control over the executive. It does not direct investigations or command the armed forces.

Question 21Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Under the Armenian Civil Code, at what age does a natural person acquire full civil legal capacity (full dispositive capacity) as a general rule?

  1. At the age of 21
  2. At the age of 18 Correct answer.
  3. At the age of 16
  4. Upon emancipation by marriage

Explanation

The Civil Code fixes majority and full civil dispositive capacity at 18 years as the general rule. Earlier acquisition is possible only through the special institutions such as emancipation or marriage, which are exceptions.

Question 22Civil Law and Civil Procedure

A transaction concluded by a minor between 14 and 18 years of age generally requires what to be valid?

  1. Registration with the civil registry office
  2. Prior notarization in every case
  3. Written consent of a legal representative Correct answer.
  4. Approval of the guardianship authority

Explanation

Minors aged 14 to 18 have partial dispositive capacity and may conclude transactions with the written consent of their parents, adoptive parents, or guardian. Certain transactions they may make independently by law.

Question 23Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Which of the following is a recognized ground for declaring a transaction invalid under the Armenian Civil Code?

  1. Concluding the transaction in a language other than Armenian
  2. Concluding the transaction by electronic means
  3. Concluding the transaction under the influence of a material mistake Correct answer.
  4. Concluding the transaction without witnesses

Explanation

A transaction concluded under a material mistake may be challenged and declared invalid because the party's will was formed on a false basis. Language, absence of witnesses, and electronic form do not by themselves invalidate a transaction.

Question 24Civil Law and Civil Procedure

A transaction that is void (invalid irrespective of challenge) produces what legal effect?

  1. It becomes valid if performed by both parties
  2. It binds the parties until a court annuls it
  3. It produces no legal consequences from the outset Correct answer.
  4. It converts into a valid preliminary agreement

Explanation

A void transaction is invalid from the moment of its conclusion and does not generate the legal consequences intended by the parties. Restitution of what was performed may follow.

Question 25Civil Law and Civil Procedure

What is the general limitation period (statute of limitations) for civil claims under the Armenian Civil Code?

  1. One year
  2. Ten years
  3. Five years
  4. Three years Correct answer.

Explanation

The general limitation period is three years from the moment the person learned or should have learned of the violation of the right. Special shorter or longer periods apply to particular claims.

Question 26Civil Law and Civil Procedure

The limitation period generally begins to run from which moment?

  1. The date the court accepts the claim
  2. The date the contract was signed
  3. The date the defendant became insolvent
  4. The date the claimant learned or should have learned of the violation of the right Correct answer.

Explanation

The limitation period runs from when the entitled person knew or ought to have known of the infringement of the right. Filing a claim or the parties' financial condition does not start the clock.

Question 27Civil Law and Civil Procedure

A person who, without legal ground, acquired property at the expense of another is generally obliged to do what?

  1. Transfer the property to the state treasury
  2. Divide the property equally with the deprived person
  3. Retain the property until a court order
  4. Return the unjustly acquired property to the deprived person Correct answer.

Explanation

Unjust enrichment obliges the acquirer to return the property obtained without legal basis to the person at whose expense it was acquired. If return in kind is impossible, value is compensated.

Question 28Civil Law and Civil Procedure

In Armenian civil law, ownership of movable property acquired under a contract generally passes to the acquirer at what moment, unless otherwise agreed?

  1. At the moment of payment in full
  2. At the moment of transfer of the thing Correct answer.
  3. At the moment of state registration of the contract
  4. At the moment of contract conclusion

Explanation

As a default rule the right of ownership of a movable thing passes when the thing is transferred to the acquirer. The parties may agree otherwise, and immovables require registration.

Question 29Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Ownership of immovable property (real estate) is acquired by the acquirer from what moment?

  1. From the signing of the sale agreement
  2. From the moment of full payment of the price
  3. From the moment of physical handover of the property
  4. From the moment of state registration of the right Correct answer.

Explanation

Rights to immovable property arise, change, and terminate upon state registration. Until registration the acquirer does not become owner even if the agreement is signed and performed.

Question 30Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Which of the following is a real right (right in rem) distinct from ownership?

  1. A right under a loan agreement
  2. A right of pre-emption under a lease
  3. A right of lifetime inheritable possession of land Correct answer.
  4. A right to receive a dividend

Explanation

The right of lifetime inheritable possession of land is a limited real right recognized alongside ownership. Loan, dividend, and pre-emption rights are obligations or contractual rights, not rights in rem.

Question 31Civil Law and Civil Procedure

A servitude (easement) in Armenian civil law grants its holder what?

  1. The right to possess the servient land exclusively
  2. The right to sell the servient land
  3. The right to claim ownership after ten years
  4. The right to a limited use of another's land Correct answer.

Explanation

A servitude confers a limited right to use another person's immovable property, for example a right of passage. It does not transfer possession or ownership of the servient property.

Question 32Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Which of the following is a correct statement about a contract of pledge (mortgage) over immovable property?

  1. It requires state registration to be effective against third parties Correct answer.
  2. It transfers ownership of the pledged property to the pledgee immediately
  3. It extinguishes the secured obligation upon conclusion
  4. It must always be concluded orally

Explanation

A mortgage over immovable property is subject to state registration, which makes the security effective against third parties. Pledge creates a security right, not a transfer of ownership, and does not extinguish the debt.

Question 33Civil Law and Civil Procedure

A contract is generally considered concluded when:

  1. The offeror sends the draft to the offeree
  2. The parties begin negotiating its terms
  3. The offer is accepted by the other party Correct answer.
  4. A third party witnesses the signatures

Explanation

A contract is concluded when the offer is accepted, unless the law or the offer requires additional steps such as transfer of property. Negotiations and witnessing do not conclude it.

Question 34Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Under freedom of contract, which limitation on the parties' choice of contract terms is recognized by the Armenian Civil Code?

  1. Terms may not contradict mandatory rules of law Correct answer.
  2. Terms must always be approved by a notary
  3. Terms must be identical to a model contract
  4. Terms may not exceed one page in length

Explanation

Freedom of contract allows parties to set terms, but they cannot derogate from mandatory statutory rules or violate the rights of others. Form requirements and length do not define validity.

Question 35Civil Law and Civil Procedure

A penalty clause (contractual stipulated damages) in an Armenian contract serves what function?

  1. It suspends the obligation until payment
  2. It transfers the debtor's property to the creditor
  3. It secures performance by fixing a sum payable upon breach Correct answer.
  4. It replaces the contract upon breach

Explanation

A penalty is a sum the debtor must pay the creditor upon non-performance or improper performance, securing performance and easing proof of loss. It does not replace the contract or transfer property.

Question 36Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Which remedy is available to a party for breach of a bilateral contract under Armenian civil law?

  1. Demand for specific performance or damages Correct answer.
  2. Confiscation of the debtor's home
  3. Only criminal prosecution of the debtor
  4. Automatic imprisonment for debt

Explanation

For breach, the aggrieved party may demand performance, damages, or other remedies provided by law or contract. Imprisonment and confiscation are not civil remedies for breach.

Question 37Civil Law and Civil Procedure

A party may unilaterally refuse to perform a contract and demand its termination without court action when:

  1. The law or the contract expressly provides such a right for that breach Correct answer.
  2. The other party is merely slower than expected in a single delivery
  3. The contract has lasted more than one year
  4. The refusing party finds a better price elsewhere

Explanation

Unilateral termination or refusal to perform is permitted where the law or the contract expressly grants that right, typically for a material breach. Mere inconvenience or a better offer does not suffice.

Question 38Civil Law and Civil Procedure

In Armenian civil procedure, which court generally hears a civil dispute at first instance between private parties?

  1. The Court of Cassation
  2. The Administrative Court
  3. The Constitutional Court
  4. The Court of First Instance Correct answer.

Explanation

Civil disputes between private parties are generally heard at first instance by the Court of First Instance of general jurisdiction. The Constitutional Court, Cassation Court, and Administrative Court have different competences.

Question 39Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Under the Armenian Civil Procedure Code, a claim is generally filed in which court?

  1. The court chosen by the defendant's lawyer
  2. The court at the defendant's place of residence as a general rule Correct answer.
  3. The court at the claimant's place of residence in every case
  4. The court at the location of the claimant's bank

Explanation

The general rule of territorial jurisdiction places a claim at the defendant's place of residence or location. Statutory exceptions permit other forums for specific categories of claims.

Question 40Civil Law and Civil Procedure

What is the procedural consequence of a party's failure to appear at a scheduled civil hearing without valid excuse, where the party was duly notified?

  1. The court must postpone the hearing indefinitely
  2. The case is automatically dismissed against that party
  3. The court must refer the case to the prosecution
  4. The court may proceed and decide the case in that party's absence Correct answer.

Explanation

Where a party has been properly notified and fails to appear without a valid excuse, the court may consider the case in its absence. Indefinite postponement or automatic dismissal is not the rule.

Question 41Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Which of the following best describes the burden of proof in an Armenian civil case?

  1. The defendant always bears the entire burden
  2. The court must prove the facts for the parties
  3. Each party must prove the facts it relies on Correct answer.
  4. The claimant bears no burden at all

Explanation

In civil proceedings each party must prove the circumstances it invokes in support of its claims and objections. The court assesses the evidence but does not assume the parties' burden.

Question 42Civil Law and Civil Procedure

A party wishes to challenge a first-instance judgment. To which court is an appeal generally lodged?

  1. To the same first-instance court for reconsideration
  2. To the Constitutional Court
  3. To the Court of Appeal Correct answer.
  4. Directly to the Court of Cassation

Explanation

Appeals against first-instance judgments are generally heard by the Court of Appeal. Cassation review follows only after appellate review and on limited grounds.

Question 43Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Which requirement is essential for a statement of claim submitted to an Armenian court?

  1. It must be signed by a public notary
  2. It must be approved by the defendant in advance
  3. It must state the claim, its grounds, and supporting circumstances Correct answer.
  4. It must be published in a newspaper

Explanation

A statement of claim must set out the claimant's demand, the facts and legal grounds, and the supporting circumstances, among other statutory elements. Notarization, publication, or the defendant's approval are not general requirements.

Question 44Civil Law and Civil Procedure

A court judgment that has entered into legal force has which effect in Armenian civil procedure?

  1. It may be freely re-litigated between the same parties on the same grounds
  2. It expires automatically after one year
  3. It binds only the judge who issued it
  4. It is binding and precludes a new claim between the same parties on the same subject and grounds Correct answer.

Explanation

A judgment in force is binding on the parties and precludes relitigation of the same dispute between them on the same subject and grounds. It does not expire after a year.

Question 45Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Which statement correctly reflects the principle of adversarial procedure (dispositiveness) in Armenian civil litigation?

  1. The court may base its decision on facts not asserted by any party
  2. The judge must act as the claimant's advocate
  3. The prosecutor must represent both parties in every case
  4. The parties control the subject matter and evidence, and the court decides within their claims Correct answer.

Explanation

Civil procedure is governed by party autonomy: the parties define the subject of the dispute and present evidence, while the court decides within the stated claims. The court does not adjudicate facts outside the parties' assertions.

Question 46Civil Law and Civil Procedure

In Armenian civil law, which of the following is a valid ground for the invalidity of a transaction?

  1. The transaction was concluded under the influence of fraud. Correct answer.
  2. The transaction was concluded in writing.
  3. The transaction was concluded with the participation of a legal entity.
  4. The transaction was concluded for a fixed term.

Explanation

Under the Armenian Civil Code, a transaction concluded under the influence of fraud is voidable because the consent of the party was vitiated. Writing, fixed term, and participation of a legal entity are ordinary features that do not affect validity.

Question 47Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Which of the following is an example of a unilateral transaction?

  1. A lease agreement.
  2. A partnership agreement.
  3. A will. Correct answer.
  4. A contract of sale of a car.

Explanation

A unilateral transaction is one that creates legal consequences upon the expression of will of one party. A will is a classic example because it requires only the testator's declaration. Sale, lease, and partnership agreements are bilateral or multilateral transactions requiring agreement of two or more parties.

Question 48Civil Law and Civil Procedure

In Armenian civil law, a person who has been declared missing by a court may have a curator appointed to manage his property. What is the primary purpose of such curatorship?

  1. To protect the missing person's property and interests until his return or declaration of death. Correct answer.
  2. To distribute the missing person's property among his heirs.
  3. To transfer ownership of the property to the state.
  4. To allow the curator to use the property for his own benefit.

Explanation

Curatorship over the property of a missing person is established to preserve and manage that property in the interest of the absent person. It does not transfer ownership or permit personal use by the curator. Distribution to heirs occurs only upon declaration of death and succession.

Question 49Civil Law and Civil Procedure

Which of the following is a characteristic of a public promise of reward (публичное обещание награды) in Armenian civil law?

  1. The promise must be made in writing to be enforceable.
  2. The promise is valid only if made by a legal entity.
  3. The promisor is obliged to pay the reward to the person who performed the specified act. Correct answer.
  4. The promisor may revoke the promise at any time without consequence.

Explanation

A public promise of reward creates an obligation for the promisor to pay the announced reward to the person who performs the specified act. It is a unilateral obligation and does not generally require a specific form. Revocation is restricted, and both individuals and legal entities may make such a promise.

Question 50Civil Law and Civil Procedure

In Armenian civil law, which of the following is a ground for termination of a legal entity?

  1. A change of the legal entity's name.
  2. An increase in the number of employees.
  3. A decision of the general meeting of participants to liquidate the entity. Correct answer.
  4. A change in the legal entity's location.

Explanation

A legal entity may be terminated by a decision of its competent body, such as the general meeting of participants, to liquidate it. Changes in location, number of employees, or name do not terminate the entity but may require registration amendments.