Angola Naval Academy Entrance Exam key terms

A function of the form f(x) = ax² + bx + c, where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. Its graph is a parabola that opens upward if a > 0 and downward if a < 0.

The highest or lowest point on the graph of a quadratic function. Its coordinates are given by (-b/(2a), f(-b/(2a))).

The expression Δ = b² - 4ac in the quadratic formula. It determines the number and type of roots of a quadratic equation.

A sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is constant. This constant difference is called the common difference.

A sequence in which the ratio between any two consecutive terms is constant. This constant ratio is called the common ratio.

The exponent to which a base must be raised to produce a given number. For example, log₂ 8 = 3 because 2³ = 8.

The branch of mathematics that studies the relationships between the angles and sides of triangles, especially right triangles, using sine, cosine, and tangent ratios.

In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides: a² + b² = c².

A measure of the likelihood that an event will occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1. It is calculated as the ratio of favorable outcomes to total possible outcomes.

The area of mathematics concerned with counting, arranging, and selecting objects. It includes permutations, combinations, and the fundamental counting principle.

A clause that depends on a main clause to make sense. It can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb within a sentence.

A clause that is independent of another clause in a sentence. Coordinated clauses can be linked by conjunctions or juxtaposed.

A sentence that contains two or more clauses. It can be formed by coordination or subordination.

The agreement between the verb and its subject in number and person. For example, 'eles estudam' (they study) vs. 'ele estuda' (he studies).

The agreement between a noun and its modifiers (articles, adjectives, pronouns, numerals) in gender and number. For example, 'as meninas bonitas' (the beautiful girls).

The relationship between a verb and its complements, including the correct use of prepositions. For example, 'assistir ao filme' (to watch the film) requires the preposition 'a'.

The relationship between a noun or adjective and its complement, including the correct use of prepositions. For example, 'obediente aos pais' (obedient to the parents).

Expressive language devices that go beyond literal meaning, such as metaphor, simile, personification, and hyperbole. They are used to create emphasis or imagery.

A figure of speech that makes an implicit comparison between two unlike things without using 'like' or 'as'. For example, 'ele é um leão' (he is a lion).

A figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison between two unlike things using words such as 'como' (like/as). For example, 'ele é forte como um leão' (he is strong as a lion).

The relationship stating that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely proportional to its resistance: V = IR.

The opposition to the flow of electric current in a material. It is measured in ohms (Ω) and depends on the material's properties and dimensions.

The rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in amperes (A). It is the movement of electrons in a circuit.

The energy possessed by an object due to its motion, calculated as KE = ½mv². It depends on the object's mass and velocity.

The energy stored in an object due to its position or state. Gravitational potential energy near Earth's surface is given by PE = mgh.

A tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized by increasing atomic number. Elements in the same column (group) have similar chemical properties.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which uniquely identifies a chemical element. It is denoted by Z.

The force that holds atoms together in a compound. The main types are ionic (transfer of electrons), covalent (sharing of electrons), and metallic (sea of electrons).

A process in which substances (reactants) are transformed into new substances (products) by breaking and forming chemical bonds. It is represented by a chemical equation.

The process of adjusting coefficients in a chemical equation to ensure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides, obeying the law of conservation of mass.

The smallest structural and functional unit of living organisms. It can be prokaryotic (without a nucleus) or eukaryotic (with a nucleus).

A type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is essential for growth and repair.

A type of cell division that produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. It is responsible for the formation of gametes.

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

The metabolic process in which cells break down glucose to produce energy (ATP), with oxygen as a reactant and carbon dioxide and water as products.

The historical process of Portuguese occupation and settlement of Angola from the 16th century onward, which involved trade, conflict, and the exploitation of local populations.

The armed conflict (1961–1974) in which Angolan nationalist movements fought against Portuguese colonial rule, leading to Angola's independence on November 11, 1975.

The status of being a member of a state, with associated rights, duties, and responsibilities. It involves participation in political life and respect for laws.

The obligations of citizens to serve in the defense of their country, including military service and loyalty to the nation, as established by law.

A verb tense used to describe an action that happened at an unspecified time before now or that started in the past and continues to the present. Formed with 'have/has' + past participle.

A verb tense used to describe completed actions in the past at a specific time. Regular verbs end in -ed, while irregular verbs have unique forms.