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ANAC Commercial Pilot Airplane (PCA) study materials
ANAC Commercial Pilot Airplane (PCA) study resources

ANAC Commercial Pilot Airplane (PCA) practice questions

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Question 1Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

Under Brazilian civil aviation regulations, which document certifies that a pilot has the qualifications and privileges for a specific category of aircraft operation?

  1. The medical certificate
  2. The pilot license (licença de pilotagem) Correct answer.
  3. The airworthiness certificate
  4. The aircraft registration certificate

Explanation

A pilot license is the personal document issued to an individual confirming their aeronautical qualifications and the privileges they may exercise. Aircraft documents such as registration and airworthiness certificates belong to the aircraft, not the pilot. The medical certificate establishes fitness but does not confer operational privileges.

Question 2Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A private pilot (PP) may not receive remuneration for flying because:

  1. The PP license does not permit operations for compensation or hire Correct answer.
  2. The PP license is limited to aircraft below a certain weight
  3. The PP license does not authorize carrying passengers
  4. The PP license requires an instructor on board at all times

Explanation

The private pilot license authorizes flying for personal, non-commercial purposes and expressly excludes operations for compensation or hire. Commercial transport requires a commercial pilot license. Passenger carriage and aircraft weight are governed by separate rules, not by the PP privilege limitation.

Question 3Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

For a flight conducted under visual flight rules in controlled airspace, the pilot must, at minimum, maintain which of the following?

  1. A continuous listening watch on the appropriate frequency Correct answer.
  2. A radar transponder set to code 7700
  3. A second pilot at the controls
  4. A written flight plan filed with the operator

Explanation

VFR flights in controlled airspace must maintain a continuous listening watch on the appropriate air traffic services frequency so instructions and traffic information can be received. Filing a flight plan and carrying a second pilot are not general VFR requirements. Code 7700 is an emergency code and is not a routine setting.

Question 4Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

The minimum visibility required for a VFR flight at low altitude in controlled airspace is intended primarily to:

  1. Guarantee separation from other aircraft by radar
  2. Allow air traffic control to sequence arrivals
  3. Permit the pilot to see and avoid other traffic and obstacles Correct answer.
  4. Ensure the aircraft remains within radio coverage

Explanation

VFR minima exist so the pilot can see and avoid other aircraft and terrain using outside visual reference. Radar separation and radio coverage are separate services not guaranteed by visibility minima. Sequencing arrivals is an air traffic function unrelated to the meteorological minimum.

Question 5Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

Which of the following best describes the purpose of an aircraft's certificate of registration?

  1. It proves the aircraft meets its type design
  2. It lists the aircraft's maintenance schedule
  3. It records the aircraft's nationality and owner Correct answer.
  4. It authorizes the pilot to fly the aircraft

Explanation

The certificate of registration establishes the aircraft's nationality and identifies its registered owner. Conformity with type design is shown by the airworthiness certificate, and pilot authorization comes from the license. Maintenance schedules are recorded in separate maintenance documents.

Question 6Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

An aircraft's airworthiness certificate remains valid only if:

  1. The aircraft is maintained in accordance with the approved maintenance program Correct answer.
  2. The owner resides in the country of registry
  3. The aircraft is hangared at a certified facility
  4. The pilot holds a valid medical certificate

Explanation

Airworthiness depends on continued compliance with the approved maintenance and inspection program. A pilot's medical status, hangar location, and owner residence do not determine the aircraft's airworthiness.

Question 7Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

Which body is responsible for issuing and enforcing civil aviation regulations in Brazil?

  1. The national airport operator
  2. The aircraft manufacturers' association
  3. The national weather service
  4. The civil aviation authority (ANAC) Correct answer.

Explanation

ANAC is the civil aviation authority empowered to issue and enforce regulations governing civil aviation in Brazil. Airport operators, weather services, and industry associations do not have regulatory authority.

Question 8Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A pilot's medical certificate is significant because it:

  1. Replaces the need for a pilot license
  2. Authorizes the carriage of passengers for hire
  3. Confirms the pilot meets the medical fitness requirements for the license privileges Correct answer.
  4. Certifies the pilot's aeronautical knowledge

Explanation

The medical certificate confirms the holder meets the medical standards required to exercise license privileges. It does not certify knowledge, substitute for a license, or by itself authorize commercial passenger carriage.

Question 9Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

An aircraft is operated on a flight where the pilot holds a valid license but the aircraft's airworthiness certificate has expired. Which statement is correct?

  1. The flight is lawful if conducted in daylight
  2. The flight is unlawful because the aircraft is not airworthy Correct answer.
  3. The flight is lawful because the pilot is properly licensed
  4. The flight is lawful if no passengers are carried

Explanation

Both a valid pilot license and a valid airworthiness certificate are required; the absence of either makes the flight unlawful. Daylight and passenger considerations do not cure an expired airworthiness certificate.

Question 10Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A commercial pilot is offered payment to fly a passenger in an aircraft the pilot is qualified to operate. Under the privileges of the commercial license, this operation is:

  1. Prohibited, because only private pilots may carry passengers
  2. Permitted only if the passenger is a family member
  3. Prohibited unless a flight instructor is on board
  4. Permitted, because the commercial license authorizes operations for compensation or hire Correct answer.

Explanation

The commercial pilot license authorizes acting as pilot in command for compensation or hire, subject to the applicable operating rules. Family relationship and instructor presence are not conditions of the commercial privilege.

Question 11Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

During a VFR flight, weather deteriorates below the required minima. What is the correct regulatory response?

  1. Continue to destination while maintaining VFR altitudes
  2. Increase speed to reach destination before weather worsens
  3. Alter course or land as necessary to remain in compliance with VFR minima Correct answer.
  4. Request an instrument approach clearance and continue under VFR

Explanation

A VFR flight must remain in conditions meeting the prescribed minima; when they cannot be maintained, the pilot must change course or land. Continuing VFR below minima or requesting an IFR clearance without an instrument rating is not permitted. Increasing speed does not address the regulatory requirement.

Question 12Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A pilot plans a flight and must determine whether a flight plan is required. Which factor is most relevant to that determination?

  1. The aircraft's cruise speed
  2. The type of airspace and nature of the operation Correct answer.
  3. The pilot's total flight hours
  4. The color of the aircraft

Explanation

Flight plan requirements depend on the airspace classification and the nature of the operation, such as IFR flight or operations in controlled airspace. Aircraft color, pilot experience, and cruise speed do not determine the requirement.

Question 13Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

An operator wishes to use an aircraft for a purpose not covered by its current operating limitations. The correct action is to:

  1. Notify the tower by radio during taxi
  2. Obtain the appropriate authorization or amendment before the flight Correct answer.
  3. Proceed, because the pilot license covers all operations
  4. Log the deviation after landing

Explanation

Operations must remain within approved limitations; any change requires prior authorization or amendment. Post-flight logging or radio notification does not substitute for approval. The pilot license does not override aircraft operating limitations.

Question 14Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

Which of the following is a responsibility of the pilot in command regarding the aircraft's documents before flight?

  1. Verifying that required documents are on board and valid Correct answer.
  2. Filing them with the authority after each flight
  3. Posting them in the operator's office
  4. Sending copies to the manufacturer monthly

Explanation

The pilot in command must ensure the required documents are aboard and valid before flight. Filing with authorities, sending copies to manufacturers, or posting them elsewhere does not satisfy the on-board requirement.

Question 15Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A pilot's license has lapsed in validity. To exercise the privileges again, the pilot must generally:

  1. Ask the tower for verbal authorization
  2. Complete the renewal requirements established by the authority Correct answer.
  3. Simply resume flying and log the hours
  4. Wait until the next calendar year

Explanation

Exercising privileges after a license lapses requires completing the renewal requirements set by the authority. Resuming flight without renewal, verbal authorization, or waiting is not a lawful substitute.

Question 16Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the pilot license and the type rating?

  1. The type rating is issued by the aircraft manufacturer
  2. The type rating replaces the license for that aircraft type
  3. The type rating is required only for private operations
  4. The type rating is an endorsement permitting operation of a specific aircraft type within the license Correct answer.

Explanation

A type rating is an endorsement added to a license authorizing operation of a specific aircraft type. It does not replace the license, is not limited to private operations, and is issued by the authority rather than the manufacturer.

Question 17Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A pilot operating an aircraft in a noise-sensitive area should be aware that noise abatement procedures are:

  1. Optional suggestions with no regulatory basis
  2. Published procedures that pilots are expected to follow where applicable Correct answer.
  3. Applicable only to jet aircraft
  4. Enforced only during nighttime hours

Explanation

Noise abatement procedures are published and pilots are expected to comply where they apply, while maintaining safety. They are not merely optional, are not limited to jets, and are not confined to nighttime.

Question 18Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

An aircraft is involved in an accident. Which obligation falls on the pilot in command under accident notification rules?

  1. Repair the aircraft before notifying anyone
  2. Remove all wreckage before investigators arrive
  3. Discuss the event only with the insurer
  4. Notify the authority without delay and preserve relevant evidence Correct answer.

Explanation

The pilot in command must notify the appropriate authority promptly and preserve evidence relevant to the investigation. Repairing or removing wreckage beforehand and limiting communication to the insurer defeat the investigation.

Question 19Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

Which of the following describes the correct use of the emergency frequency for radio communication?

  1. Coordinating catering arrangements
  2. Routine position reports on the emergency frequency
  3. Passing personal messages to other aircraft
  4. Emergency communication when normal frequencies are unavailable Correct answer.

Explanation

The emergency frequency is reserved for distress and urgency communications, used when normal means are unavailable. Routine reports, personal messages, and non-operational coordination belong on normal frequencies.

Question 20Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A pilot is qualified on an aircraft type but has not flown it for an extended period. Before carrying passengers, the pilot should:

  1. Fly only at high altitude
  2. Ask a passenger to assist with the controls
  3. Rely on previous experience without further action
  4. Complete the recency requirements established by the regulations Correct answer.

Explanation

Regulations establish recency requirements that must be met before carrying passengers after a lapse. Prior experience alone, passenger assistance, or altitude selection does not satisfy recency.

Question 21Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

An operator wants to conduct a flight that appears to conflict with a published regulation. The most appropriate course is to:

  1. Seek an exemption or authorization from the authority before flight Correct answer.
  2. Proceed because operational needs justify deviation
  3. Ask another pilot to confirm the interpretation
  4. Interpret the rule loosely and proceed

Explanation

Where a flight would conflict with a regulation, the proper path is to obtain an exemption or authorization from the authority in advance. Operational need, personal interpretation, or peer confirmation does not create legal authority to deviate.

Question 22Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A pilot holds a license issued by a foreign state and wishes to fly a Brazilian-registered aircraft in Brazil. The pilot must generally:

  1. Use the foreign license without any further step
  2. Validate or obtain recognition of the license as required by the authority Correct answer.
  3. Fly only as a passenger
  4. Rely on the aircraft's registration certificate

Explanation

Foreign licenses must be validated or recognized in accordance with the authority's requirements before privileges may be exercised on a Brazilian-registered aircraft. The foreign license alone, passenger status, or the registration certificate does not confer operating privileges.

Question 23Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

An aircraft's maintenance records show an overdue inspection, but the aircraft appears to operate normally. The pilot in command should:

  1. Decline the flight until the inspection is completed Correct answer.
  2. Fly because the aircraft appears serviceable
  3. Fly only short distances
  4. Record the discrepancy and fly anyway

Explanation

Airworthiness requires compliance with the approved inspection program; an overdue inspection renders the aircraft unairworthy regardless of apparent condition. Apparent serviceability, short distances, or logging the discrepancy does not restore airworthiness.

Question 24Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A pilot is asked to carry a passenger who appears unwell. From a regulatory standpoint, the pilot in command should primarily consider:

  1. Whether the passenger's condition poses a risk to the safety of the flight Correct answer.
  2. Whether the passenger has paid for the flight
  3. Whether the flight is scheduled at night
  4. Whether the passenger has flown before

Explanation

The pilot in command is responsible for the safety of the flight and must consider whether a passenger's condition could jeopardize it. Payment, prior experience, and time of day are not the primary regulatory considerations.

Question 25Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

Which statement best reflects the hierarchy between international standards and national regulations in civil aviation?

  1. International standards guide national regulations, which may differ where notified Correct answer.
  2. National regulations apply only to foreign aircraft
  3. National regulations always override international standards without exception
  4. International standards have no influence on national rules

Explanation

International standards provide a common framework that states implement through national regulations, with differences permitted where formally notified. National rules do not override standards without process, standards do influence national rules, and national regulations apply to domestic operations.

Question 26Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

Under Brazilian civil aviation rules, which document must be carried on board an aircraft during flight to establish that the aircraft may lawfully be operated?

  1. The pilot's logbook
  2. The manufacturer's delivery invoice
  3. The operator's maintenance schedule
  4. The aircraft registration certificate Correct answer.

Explanation

The registration certificate establishes the aircraft's nationality and lawful operation and must be carried on board. Logbooks, maintenance schedules and delivery invoices are not documents required on board for this purpose.

Question 27Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A pilot in command is preparing for a flight and must confirm the validity of the crew's medical certificates. Who bears the final responsibility for ensuring that each crew member is medically fit for the intended flight?

  1. The aerodrome control tower
  2. The medical examiner who issued the certificate
  3. The pilot in command Correct answer.
  4. The aircraft owner

Explanation

The pilot in command is responsible for ensuring that the flight is conducted safely and that crew members are fit for duty, including medical validity. The owner, tower and examiner have no such operational responsibility once the flight is dispatched.

Question 28Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A pilot plans a flight and must decide whether to file a flight plan. Which circumstance makes filing a flight plan mandatory under standard civil aviation practice?

  1. A private flight of less than thirty minutes' duration
  2. A local training flight remaining within the aerodrome traffic circuit
  3. A flight conducted entirely under visual flight rules within controlled airspace on a short domestic route
  4. A flight that will cross an international border Correct answer.

Explanation

Flights crossing international borders require a flight plan so that the authorities of both states can be notified. Local circuit flights and short domestic VFR flights generally do not require mandatory filing.

Question 29Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

An operator discovers that a required recurring inspection has fallen due before the next planned flight. From a regulatory standpoint, the aircraft may be dispatched only if:

  1. the operator obtains verbal approval from the tower
  2. the pilot records the discrepancy in the journey log and proceeds
  3. the flight is shortened to less than one hour
  4. the inspection is completed and the aircraft is returned to service in accordance with approved maintenance arrangements Correct answer.

Explanation

Aircraft may only be released to service when all required maintenance has been accomplished and certified by authorized personnel. Recording the discrepancy or limiting flight time does not substitute for completing the inspection.

Question 30Air Law and Aeronautical Regulations

A pilot in command is confronted with an in-flight emergency that requires immediate deviation from a published air traffic procedure. Which principle governs the pilot's action under international and Brazilian regulation?

  1. The pilot must request and obtain written authorization before deviating
  2. The pilot may deviate only if another crew member concurs in the decision
  3. The pilot may deviate to the extent necessary for safety and must notify the appropriate authority afterwards Correct answer.
  4. The pilot must maintain the published procedure regardless of the emergency

Explanation

Regulations recognize that the pilot in command may deviate from rules and procedures to the extent required to meet an emergency, with subsequent notification. Prior authorization is impossible in an urgent situation and is not required.

Question 31Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

In a four-stroke reciprocating engine, during which stroke is the intake valve normally open?

  1. Exhaust stroke
  2. Power stroke
  3. Compression stroke
  4. Intake stroke Correct answer.

Explanation

The intake valve opens as the piston moves down on the intake stroke so the fuel-air mixture is drawn into the cylinder. It closes near the start of compression to seal the cylinder.

Question 32Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

The primary purpose of the magneto in a piston aircraft engine is to:

  1. Provide a self-contained source of high-voltage ignition current Correct answer.
  2. Convert AC to DC for the electrical bus
  3. Regulate fuel flow to the cylinders
  4. Drive the oil pump during engine start

Explanation

A magneto generates its own high voltage from engine rotation, so ignition does not depend on the aircraft battery. This independence is why dual magnetos are used for redundancy.

Question 33Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

A constant-speed propeller maintains a selected RPM by:

  1. Altering engine displacement
  2. Changing the number of blades in the hub
  3. Varying blade angle to change the load on the engine Correct answer.
  4. Adjusting magneto timing automatically

Explanation

The propeller governor changes blade pitch so the aerodynamic load matches the selected RPM. Higher pitch increases load and reduces RPM; lower pitch reduces load and raises RPM.

Question 34Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

In a light aircraft hydraulic system, the component that protects against excessive pressure is the:

  1. Pressure relief valve Correct answer.
  2. Accumulator
  3. Selector valve
  4. Reservoir vent

Explanation

A pressure relief valve opens at a set pressure to return fluid and prevent damage to lines and components. The accumulator smooths pressure fluctuations rather than limiting peak pressure.

Question 35Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

The function of the voltage regulator in an aircraft DC charging system is to:

  1. Limit the current drawn by the starter
  2. Disconnect the battery during flight
  3. Convert AC to DC
  4. Hold alternator output voltage within limits Correct answer.

Explanation

The voltage regulator controls field current so the alternator output stays within the designed voltage range. This protects the battery and avionics from overvoltage.

Question 36Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

Pitot heat is normally used in flight to:

  1. Heat the fuel before combustion
  2. Defrost the windshield
  3. Warm the cabin air supply
  4. Prevent ice from blocking the pitot tube and static ports Correct answer.

Explanation

Pitot heat keeps the pitot tube and, on many types, the static source clear of ice so airspeed indications remain reliable. Blockage causes erroneous or frozen airspeed readings.

Question 37Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

The mixture control in a carbureted engine is used to:

  1. Control the magneto timing
  2. Select which fuel tank is in use
  3. Set the propeller blade angle
  4. Adjust the fuel-to-air ratio as altitude changes Correct answer.

Explanation

As altitude increases, air density falls, so the mixture must be leaned to maintain the correct fuel-to-air ratio. The mixture control meters fuel flow accordingly.

Question 38Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

An aircraft's service ceiling is the altitude at which:

  1. The maximum rate of climb falls to a specified low value Correct answer.
  2. The landing gear must be retracted
  3. The cabin reaches its maximum differential pressure
  4. The engine reaches maximum continuous power

Explanation

Service ceiling is defined as the altitude where the best rate of climb drops to a specified small value (commonly 100 ft/min for light aircraft). Above it, climb performance becomes negligible.

Question 39Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

During a climb at a constant indicated airspeed, as altitude increases the true airspeed generally:

  1. Increases because air density decreases Correct answer.
  2. Decreases because temperature rises
  3. Remains constant at all altitudes
  4. Decreases because air density decreases

Explanation

Indicated airspeed reflects dynamic pressure, which depends on density. At higher altitude the same IAS corresponds to a higher true airspeed because the air is thinner.

Question 40Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

If the static source becomes blocked while the aircraft climbs, the airspeed indicator will:

  1. Read higher than actual
  2. Read lower than actual Correct answer.
  3. Read zero
  4. Read correctly

Explanation

With a blocked static source, trapped pressure stays at the value from the blocking altitude. As the aircraft climbs, the pitot pressure falls relative to the trapped static, so the instrument under-reads.

Question 41Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

Detonation in a reciprocating engine is best described as:

  1. Combustion that continues after the spark is switched off
  2. Slow burning of the charge during the exhaust stroke
  3. Uncontrolled explosive combustion of the fuel-air charge Correct answer.
  4. Ignition of the charge before the spark fires

Explanation

Detonation occurs when the unburned charge ignites explosively from pressure and heat rather than burning smoothly from the spark. It raises cylinder temperatures and pressures and can damage the engine.

Question 42Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

Carburetor icing is most likely to occur when:

  1. Temperature is well below freezing and the air is dry
  2. Temperature is between about -7 and +21 degrees C with high humidity Correct answer.
  3. The engine is at high power in cold dry air
  4. Temperature is above 30 degrees C and the air is dry

Explanation

Vaporization of fuel and the venturi effect cool the mixture, so ice can form at temperatures well above freezing when humidity is high. The hazard zone spans roughly -7 to +21 degrees C.

Question 43Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

A turbocharged engine uses the turbocharger primarily to:

  1. Reduce propeller noise
  2. Increase fuel tank capacity
  3. Maintain manifold pressure as altitude increases Correct answer.
  4. Cool the oil at high power settings

Explanation

The turbocharger compresses intake air using exhaust energy, allowing the engine to maintain sea-level manifold pressure at higher altitudes. This preserves power where a normally aspirated engine would lose it.

Question 44Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

An engine fire during flight is best handled first by:

  1. Climbing to a higher altitude
  2. Turning off the master switch only
  3. Opening the cowl flaps fully and increasing power
  4. Shutting off the fuel supply and continuing the checklist Correct answer.

Explanation

Cutting off the fuel and mixture starves the fire of combustible material, after which the approved checklist is followed. Reducing power and increasing airspeed can also help clear the fire area.

Question 45Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

In a retractable landing gear system, the squat switch prevents:

  1. Gear retraction while the aircraft is on the ground Correct answer.
  2. Nosewheel steering above taxi speed
  3. Gear extension below a set airspeed
  4. Brake application during taxi

Explanation

The squat switch senses weight on the wheels and disables the retraction circuit so the gear cannot be raised on the ground. It may also be used for other ground-only logic.

Question 46Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

The purpose of the accumulator in a hydraulic system is to:

  1. Filter contaminants from the fluid
  2. Cool the hydraulic fluid
  3. Indicate system pressure in the cockpit
  4. Store pressurized fluid to smooth pressure surges Correct answer.

Explanation

An accumulator holds fluid under gas pressure, damping pressure fluctuations and providing a reserve for brief demands. It helps stabilize system operation.

Question 47Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

A generator or alternator failure in flight is first indicated by:

  1. The ammeter or loadmeter showing zero output Correct answer.
  2. A rise in oil pressure
  3. A drop in manifold pressure
  4. An increase in fuel flow

Explanation

Loss of generating capacity shows on the ammeter or loadmeter as no output, often accompanied by a warning light. The battery then supplies the electrical load until depleted.

Question 48Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

Using carburetor heat in flight generally causes:

  1. An increase in manifold pressure
  2. A richer mixture and a slight loss of power Correct answer.
  3. A leaner mixture and increased power
  4. No change in mixture or power

Explanation

Carburetor heat admits warmed air, which is less dense, so the mixture becomes richer and power drops slightly. The pilot may need to lean the mixture after applying heat.

Question 49Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

The critical engine on a twin-engine aircraft is the one whose failure:

  1. Is most likely to occur in service
  2. Produces the most adverse effect on control and performance Correct answer.
  3. Has the highest power rating
  4. Drives the primary electrical generator

Explanation

The critical engine is defined by the adverse yaw and performance penalty its failure creates, driven by factors such as P-factor and accelerated slipstream. It is a handling concept, not a reliability or power rating.

Question 50Aircraft General Knowledge and Systems

A fuel-injected engine is generally less susceptible to icing than a carbureted engine because:

  1. It has no throttle valve
  2. It does not use a venturi that produces strong cooling Correct answer.
  3. It burns fuel at a higher temperature
  4. It uses only aviation gasoline

Explanation

Fuel injection meters fuel without the venturi-induced pressure and temperature drop of a carburetor, greatly reducing the risk of induction icing. Impact ice can still form in the intake.