Arab Board Community Health Nursing Part 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Incidence rate

Number of new cases of a disease in a defined period divided by the population at risk during that period; expresses the risk of developing the disease.

Prevalence

Total number of existing cases of a disease at a point or over a period divided by the total population; reflects disease burden and duration.

Sensitivity

Proportion of people with the disease who test positive: true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives.

Specificity

Proportion of people without the disease who test negative: true negatives divided by true negatives plus false positives.

Relative risk

Ratio of incidence in exposed persons to incidence in unexposed persons; used in cohort studies, with 1 indicating no association.

Herd immunity

Indirect protection of unvaccinated people when a sufficient proportion of the population is immune, interrupting transmission chains.

Primary prevention

Actions taken before disease occurs to reduce risk, such as immunization, sanitation, and health education.

Secondary prevention

Early detection and prompt treatment of disease through screening and case finding to halt progression.

Tertiary prevention

Rehabilitation and treatment to limit disability and restore function after disease has occurred.

Community assessment

Systematic collection of data about a population's health, environment, and resources to identify needs and plan services.

Ottawa Charter

1986 charter identifying five health promotion actions: healthy public policy, supportive environments, community action, personal skills, and reorientation of services.

Health belief model

Behavior change model based on perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and cues to action.

Stages of change

Transtheoretical model with precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance stages for behavior change.

Teach-back method

Technique where the learner explains information in their own words to confirm understanding of health teaching.

Preeclampsia

New hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy with proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction; magnesium sulfate prevents eclamptic seizures.

Postpartum hemorrhage

Excessive blood loss after birth, most commonly from uterine atony; a leading cause of maternal death worldwide.

Kangaroo mother care

Skin-to-skin contact plus breastfeeding support for low-birth-weight infants, reducing mortality and improving thermal stability.

Apgar score

Assessment of heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflexes, and color at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

Exclusive breastfeeding

Feeding only breast milk, without other foods or liquids except medicines, for the first six months of life.

IMCI approach

Integrated management of childhood illness: classifying sick children by danger signs and main symptoms to guide treatment.

Oral rehydration solution

Balanced salt and glucose solution used with zinc as first-line treatment for acute watery diarrhea in children.

Mid-upper-arm circumference

Screening measurement for acute malnutrition in children aged 6 to 59 months; below 115 mm indicates severe acute malnutrition.

Growth monitoring

Repeated measurement of weight and height compared with reference standards to detect faltering growth early.

Delirium versus dementia

Delirium is acute and fluctuating with altered attention; dementia is chronic and progressive cognitive decline.

Polypharmacy

Use of multiple medications, which increases risk of adverse drug events, falls, and interactions in older adults.

Activities of daily living

Basic self-care tasks such as bathing, dressing, and toileting used to measure functional status in older adults.

Chain of infection

Six links: infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.

Herd immunity threshold

Proportion of the population that must be immune to interrupt transmission, approximated as 1 minus 1 divided by R0.

Psychological first aid

Emergency support based on look, listen, and link that provides safety, stabilization, and connection to services.

Suicide risk assessment

Evaluation of ideation, plan, intent, means, and protective factors; asking directly about suicidal thoughts is appropriate.

Hierarchy of controls

Occupational hazard controls ranked from most to least effective: elimination, substitution, engineering, administrative, and personal protective equipment.

Alma-Ata Declaration

1978 declaration defining primary health care as essential care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods.