Arab Board ENT Final Clinical & Oral flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Rinne test interpretation

A positive Rinne means air conduction exceeds bone conduction, indicating normal hearing or sensorineural loss. A negative Rinne means bone conduction exceeds air conduction, indicating conductive hearing loss on that side.

Dix-Hallpike maneuver

The Dix-Hallpike maneuver diagnoses posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. The patient's head is turned and lowered rapidly; a positive test reproduces vertigo with torsional nystagmus.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss criteria

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is defined as at least 30 dB loss across three contiguous frequencies occurring within 72 hours. It is treated with high-dose corticosteroids and urgent MRI.

Cholesteatoma

Cholesteatoma is keratinizing squamous epithelium within the middle ear cleft. It is locally destructive, does not respond to medical therapy, and requires surgical removal to prevent complications.

Lund-Mackay scoring

The Lund-Mackay CT score grades five sinus groups from 0 to 2 and the ostiomeatal complex as 0 or 2, with a maximum total of 24. Higher scores indicate greater inflammatory burden.

Beta-2 transferrin

Beta-2 transferrin is a protein found almost exclusively in cerebrospinal fluid. Its detection in nasal or ear fluid is highly specific for a cerebrospinal fluid leak.

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a benign but locally aggressive vascular tumor in adolescent males. It presents with epistaxis and nasal obstruction and is often embolized before surgical resection.

Extranodal extension

Extranodal extension means tumor has spread through the lymph node capsule into surrounding tissue. In head and neck cancer it upgrades nodal staging to N3b and worsens prognosis.

Fine-needle aspiration thyroid

Fine-needle aspiration is the first-line diagnostic test for a thyroid nodule. Bethesda categories stratify malignancy risk and guide the decision for surgery or observation.

Radical neck dissection

Radical neck dissection removes lymph node levels I through V along with the sternocleidomastoid muscle, internal jugular vein, and spinal accessory nerve. Modified radical preserves one or more of these structures.

Vocal fold nodules

Vocal fold nodules are bilateral benign lesions at the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the vocal folds, the point of maximal vibration. First-line treatment is voice therapy.

Spasmodic dysphonia

Spasmodic dysphonia is a focal dystonia; the adductor type is most common and causes strained, strangled speech. Treatment is botulinum toxin injection into the thyroarytenoid muscles.

Paradoxical vocal fold motion

Paradoxical vocal fold motion causes inspiratory stridor due to inappropriate vocal fold adduction during inspiration. Diagnosis is confirmed by laryngoscopy during an attack.

Tympanostomy tube indications

Tympanostomy tubes are indicated for recurrent acute otitis media, defined as three episodes in six months or four in twelve months, or persistent effusion with hearing loss.

Croup

Croup is laryngotracheobronchitis causing a barking cough and inspiratory stridor in children. Treatment is corticosteroids, with nebulized epinephrine for severe cases.

Epiglottitis

Epiglottitis presents with drooling, tripod posture, and a muffled voice. Throat examination should be avoided, and the airway is secured in the operating room.

Laryngomalacia

Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in infants. It typically resolves spontaneously by 12 to 18 months, and surgery is reserved for severe cases.

Marginal mandibular nerve

The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve supplies the depressor anguli oris and depressor labii inferioris. It is at risk during submandibular and parotid surgery.

Cleft lip and palate timing

Cleft lip repair is typically performed at 3 to 6 months of age, and cleft palate repair at 9 to 12 months. Timing balances speech development with facial growth.

Param median forehead flap

The paramedian forehead flap is the workhorse for large nasal defects. It is a staged procedure, with pedicle division typically at 3 to 4 weeks.

Apnea-hypopnea index

The apnea-hypopnea index is the number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep. An index of 5 or more with symptoms, or 15 or more regardless of symptoms, defines obstructive sleep apnea.

CPAP adherence

CPAP adherence is defined as at least 4 hours of use per night on at least 70 percent of nights. Adherence predicts clinical benefit in obstructive sleep apnea.

Drug-induced sleep endoscopy

Drug-induced sleep endoscopy identifies sites and patterns of upper airway collapse under sedation. It guides surgical planning for obstructive sleep apnea.

Type I hypersensitivity

Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and causes immediate reactions such as anaphylaxis and allergic rhinitis. Type IV is delayed and T-cell mediated, as in contact dermatitis.

Anaphylaxis epinephrine dose

Anaphylaxis is treated with intramuscular epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg, up to 0.5 mg, into the anterolateral thigh. Antihistamines and corticosteroids are adjuncts, not first-line therapy.

Hereditary angioedema

Hereditary angioedema results from C1 inhibitor deficiency. It does not respond to epinephrine or antihistamines; treatment includes C1 inhibitor concentrate or icatibant.

Le Fort fractures

Le Fort I is a low transverse palatal fracture; Le Fort II is pyramidal through the nasal-zygomatic region; Le Fort III is craniofacial disjunction separating the face from the skull base.

Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture

Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture causes malar depression, diplopia, and infraorbital nerve numbness. Treatment is open reduction and internal fixation.

Caustic ingestion

Caustic ingestion management avoids emesis and gastric lavage. Early endoscopy grades the injury and guides further care.

Organ of Corti tonotopy

The organ of Corti sits on the basilar membrane. High frequencies are encoded at the base and low frequencies at the apex of the cochlea.

Facial nerve chorda tympani

The chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve carries taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The facial nerve also supplies muscles of facial expression.

Informed consent elements

Informed consent requires patient capacity, disclosure of risks, benefits, and alternatives, and voluntariness. It is an ongoing process rather than a single signature.