Arab Board ENT Part 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Rinne test

Tuning fork test comparing air and bone conduction; positive when air conduction exceeds bone conduction (normal or sensorineural), negative when bone exceeds air (conductive loss).

Weber test

Tuning fork placed on midline forehead; lateralizes to the ear with conductive loss or to the better ear in sensorineural loss.

Cholesteatoma

Keratinizing squamous epithelium in the middle ear or mastoid; causes bone erosion and complications; treatment is surgical removal.

Meniere disease

Episodic vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness; histology shows endolymphatic hydrops.

BPPV

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo; posterior canal most common; Dix-Hallpike provokes torsional upbeating nystagmus; Epley maneuver is first-line.

Acoustic neuroma

Vestibular schwannoma arising from CN VIII at the cerebellopontine angle; causes unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus; MRI with gadolinium is diagnostic.

Ostiomeatal complex

Common drainage pathway for maxillary, anterior ethmoid, and frontal sinuses into the middle meatus; obstruction predisposes to sinusitis.

Samter triad

Aspirin sensitivity, asthma, and nasal polyps; associated with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.

Beta-2 transferrin

Protein found in cerebrospinal fluid but not in nasal secretions; confirms CSF rhinorrhea.

Inverted papilloma

Unilateral lateral nasal wall tumor with endophytic growth; risk of malignant transformation; treated with endoscopic medial maxillectomy.

Vocal fold nodules

Bilateral benign lesions at the junction of the anterior one-third and posterior two-thirds of the vocal folds; caused by phonotrauma; treated with voice therapy.

Spasmodic dysphonia

Focal dystonia causing involuntary vocal fold spasms; adductor type most common; treated with botulinum toxin injection.

Laryngomalacia

Most common cause of stridor in infants; omega-shaped epiglottis with arytenoid prolapse on inspiration; usually resolves by 12-18 months.

Epiglottitis

Acute airway emergency with drooling, tripod position, and thumb sign; Haemophilus influenzae type b; avoid throat examination until airway secured.

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

Highly vascular benign tumor in adolescent males; presents with recurrent epistaxis and nasal mass; avoid biopsy; treated with embolization and surgery.

Myer-Cotton grading

Grades subglottic stenosis: I <50%, II 51-70%, III 71-99%, IV no lumen.

Thyroglossal duct cyst

Midline neck mass that moves with tongue protrusion; arises from remnants of the thyroglossal duct; treated with Sistrunk procedure.

HPV-positive oropharyngeal SCC

Subtype of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma associated with human papillomavirus; better prognosis; often presents with cystic neck nodes.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Malignancy associated with Epstein-Barr virus; presents with neck mass or eustachian tube dysfunction; treated primarily with radiotherapy.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

Most common thyroid malignancy; spreads via lymphatics; treatment includes thyroidectomy and possible radioactive iodine.

Pleomorphic adenoma

Most common benign salivary gland tumor; involves parotid; treated with superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation.

Neck level I

Submental and submandibular lymph node group; at risk in oral cavity cancers.

Pure tone audiometry

Behavioral hearing test measuring air and bone conduction thresholds; air-bone gap indicates conductive hearing loss.

Tympanometry type B

Flat tympanogram suggesting middle ear effusion or tympanic membrane perforation.

Otoacoustic emissions

Sounds produced by outer hair cells; absent in sensorineural hearing loss greater than 30 dB; used for newborn hearing screening.

Auditory brainstem response

Electrophysiologic test of the auditory pathway; wave V latency prolongation suggests retrocochlear pathology; used in newborn screening.

Vestibular neuritis

Acute prolonged vertigo without hearing loss; positive head impulse test; treated supportively with vestibular rehabilitation.

Parkland formula

Fluid resuscitation for burns: 4 mL/kg per percent total body surface area of lactated Ringer solution in first 24 hours.

ATLS primary survey

Systematic trauma assessment: airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure; cervical spine immobilization.

Sepsis bundle

Early management of sepsis: cultures, antibiotics within one hour, fluid resuscitation, lactate measurement, and vasopressors if needed.

ARDS Berlin criteria

Acute onset, bilateral opacities, PaO2/FiO2 <=300, not explained by cardiac failure; managed with low tidal volume ventilation.

Cleft lip repair timing

Repair at approximately 3 months of age, following the rule of 10s: 10 lb weight, 10 g/dL hemoglobin, 10 weeks of age.