Arab Board Ophthalmology Clinical & Oral flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Corneal layers

From anterior to posterior: epithelium, Bowman layer, stroma, Descemet membrane, and endothelium. The endothelium does not regenerate and maintains corneal deturgescence via Na+/K+-ATPase pumps.

Acanthamoeba keratitis

Contact lens-associated infection causing severe pain out of proportion, radial keratoneuritis, and ring infiltrate. Treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide plus chlorhexidine.

Fuchs endothelial dystrophy

Bilateral corneal guttata with progressive endothelial failure and central edema. Hypertonic saline is used early; endothelial keratoplasty is indicated for visually significant edema.

Toxic anterior segment syndrome

Sterile postoperative inflammation within 12-48 hours of cataract surgery, with diffuse limbal-to-limbal edema, hypopyon, and fibrin. Treat with topical steroid and remove the offending agent.

Endophthalmitis treatment

Intravitreal vancomycin 1 mg/0.1 mL plus ceftazidime 2.25 mg/0.1 mL. Vitrectomy is added when visual acuity is light perception only.

LASIK ectasia risk

Risk rises with residual stromal bed under 250 micrometers and abnormal preoperative topography. Avoid surgery in forme fruste keratoconus.

Acute angle-closure management

Lower IOP with topical beta-blocker and systemic acetazolamide; pilocarpine is given after IOP falls. Laser peripheral iridotomy is definitive treatment.

Shaffer angle grading

Grades 0 to 4 describe angle width: grade 0 is closed, grade 1 is about 10 degrees, and grade 4 is wide open.

Prostaglandin analog effects

Increase uveoscleral outflow to lower IOP. Side effects include iris darkening, eyelash growth, and periorbital fat atrophy.

Central retinal artery occlusion

Sudden painless vision loss with a pale retina and cherry-red spot. Treat as a stroke equivalent and evaluate for carotid and cardiac sources.

Macular hole repair

Stage 3-4 holes are treated with vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peel, and gas tamponade. Face-down positioning improves closure rates.

ROP screening criteria

Screen infants born under 1500 g or under 32 weeks gestation. Type 1 disease is treated with laser photocoagulation or anti-VEGF injection.

Sympathetic ophthalmia

Bilateral granulomatous uveitis after penetrating trauma. Prevent with early enucleation of the blind injured eye; treat with systemic steroid and immunosuppression.

Behçet disease uveitis

Recurrent oral and genital ulcers with hypopyon uveitis. Treated with systemic immunosuppression or biologic agents.

Toxoplasmosis retinochoroiditis

Focal necrotizing retinochoroiditis adjacent to a scar. Treated with pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine and folinic acid, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Optic neuritis

Painful vision loss with reduced color vision and afferent pupillary defect, often associated with multiple sclerosis. IV methylprednisolone hastens recovery but does not change final acuity.

Pupil-involving third nerve palsy

Suggests a posterior communicating artery aneurysm and requires urgent imaging. Pupil-sparing palsy is often due to diabetic microvascular disease.

Horner syndrome

Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis. Postganglionic lesions may be associated with carotid dissection, so imaging of the sympathetic chain is needed.

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

Lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus causing impaired adduction on the affected side and nystagmus of the abducting eye. Common in multiple sclerosis.

Orbital cellulitis

Fever, proptosis, and limited eye movement treated with IV antibiotics. Watch for subperiosteal abscess and cavernous sinus thrombosis.

Basal cell carcinoma

Most common eyelid malignancy, presenting as a pearly nodule with telangiectasia. Treated with excision with margin control.

Blowout fracture repair

Orbital floor fracture with restricted upgaze and enophthalmos. Urgent repair is indicated for muscle entrapment or significant enophthalmos.

Amblyopia treatment

Reduced vision without organic cause, treated with occlusion or atropine penalization during the critical period of early childhood.

Leukocoria differential

White pupillary reflex. Differential includes retinoblastoma, congenital cataract, and Coats disease; urgent evaluation is required.

Congenital glaucoma

Buphthalmos, corneal edema, and tearing in infants. Treated with goniotomy or trabeculotomy; urgent referral is needed.

Strabismus surgery terms

Recession weakens a muscle; resection strengthens it. Adjustable sutures allow postoperative adjustment of alignment.

Uveal melanoma

Most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. Treated with plaque brachytherapy, proton beam, or enucleation; monitor for metastasis.

Retinoblastoma genetics

Heritable form is associated with RB1 mutation and requires genetic testing. Heritable cases need surveillance for second tumors.

Choroidal nevus monitoring

Flat pigmented lesion with drusen. Monitor for growth, subretinal fluid, and orange pigment, which suggest transformation to melanoma.

Chemical burn first aid

Irrigate copiously with saline for at least 30 minutes and check pH. Treat with topical steroid and antibiotic, and refer urgently.

Open globe management

Avoid pressure and shield the eye. Give IV antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis, then proceed to surgical repair.

Orbital compartment syndrome

Proptosis and vision loss after trauma. Urgent lateral canthotomy and cantholysis are required to relieve pressure.