Arab Board Ophthalmology Final Written flashcards

34 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Moorens ulcer

A painful, sterile, crescent-shaped peripheral corneal ulcer with overlying conjunctival inflammation; it is immune-mediated and treated with systemic immunosuppression rather than topical steroids alone.

Palisades of Vogt

Radial ridges at the corneoscleral limbus that house corneal epithelial stem cells; their loss indicates limbal stem cell deficiency and conjunctivalization of the cornea.

Cherry-red spot

A central red macula seen against a pale, opaque retina in central retinal artery occlusion; it reflects intact choroidal perfusion through the thin fovea.

Pizza pie retinopathy

A pattern of retinal necrosis with hemorrhage along vascular arcades seen in cytomegalovirus retinitis, typically in advanced HIV infection with low CD4 counts.

Mutton-fat keratic precipitates

Large, greasy, granulomatous keratic precipitates on the corneal endothelium, classically seen in sarcoidosis and other granulomatous uveitides.

Lateral canthotomy

An emergency incision through the lateral canthus and canthal tendon to decompress orbital compartment syndrome and relieve ischemic optic neuropathy from elevated pressure.

Leukocoria

A white pupillary reflex in a child; the differential includes retinoblastoma, congenital cataract, retinopathy of prematurity, Coats disease and persistent fetal vasculature.

Accommodative esotropia

An inward deviation provoked by accommodation in a hypermetropic child; correcting the hypermetropic refractive error with glasses is the first-line treatment.

Afferent pupillary defect

A relative reduction in the direct pupillary response to light in one eye, indicating optic nerve or extensive retinal dysfunction on that side.

Papilledema

Bilateral optic disc swelling due to raised intracranial pressure, typically with preserved visual acuity and enlarged blind spots; requires imaging and lumbar puncture.

Posterior capsule rupture

A complication of cataract surgery that allows vitreous prolapse; management includes anterior vitrectomy and placing the intraocular lens in the sulcus or anterior chamber.

Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes

A histologic feature of retinoblastoma consisting of columnar cells arranged around a central lumen, reflecting photoreceptor differentiation.

Prentice rule

Prism power in prism diopters equals lens decentration in centimeters multiplied by the lens power in diopters; used to calculate induced prism in spectacles.

Snell law

The relationship n1 sin(theta1) = n2 sin(theta2) governing refraction at an interface between media of different refractive indices.

Chemical eye injury

An ocular emergency requiring immediate copious irrigation for at least 30 minutes and pH testing; alkali injuries penetrate more deeply than acid injuries.

Commotio retinae

Transient retinal whitening following blunt ocular trauma, representing photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial disruption; it often resolves without treatment.

Rhodopsin regeneration

The visual pigment cycle in which retinal pigment epithelium regenerates 11-cis retinal from all-trans retinal; vitamin A deficiency disrupts this cycle and causes night blindness.

Two-hit hypothesis

Knudson theory that retinoblastoma requires inactivation of both RB1 alleles; bilateral disease is typically hereditary with a germline mutation.

Acanthamoeba keratitis

A contact-lens-associated infection with ring infiltrate and radial keratoneuritis; diagnosed by culture on non-nutrient agar and treated with biguanide plus chlorhexidine.

Fuchs endothelial dystrophy

A bilateral corneal endothelial degeneration with guttae, causing progressive corneal edema; treatment ranges from hypertonic saline to endothelial keratoplasty.

Trabeculectomy

A glaucoma filtration surgery creating a conjunctival bleb to drain aqueous humor; antimetabolites such as mitomycin C improve survival in high-risk eyes.

Primary angle closure

Occlusion of the anterior chamber angle by the iris, causing acute pressure rise; treatment includes pressure-lowering drugs followed by laser peripheral iridotomy.

Panretinal photocoagulation

Laser treatment of the peripheral retina to reduce ischemic drive in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, decreasing vascular endothelial growth factor and neovascularization.

Sympathetic ophthalmia

A bilateral granulomatous panuveitis following penetrating trauma or surgery in one eye; treated with systemic steroids and immunosuppression.

Thyroid eye disease

An autoimmune orbitopathy causing proptosis, restrictive strabismus and optic neuropathy; smoking cessation and steroids for active inflammation are key measures.

Dacryocystorhinostomy

A surgical anastomosis between the lacrimal sac and nasal cavity to bypass nasolacrimal duct obstruction causing epiphora or recurrent dacryocystitis.

Congenital esotropia

A large-angle inward deviation appearing before six months of age, often with cross-fixation; early surgical alignment is the mainstay of treatment.

Giant cell arteritis

A large-vessel vasculitis in older adults causing headache, jaw claudication and ischemic optic neuropathy; urgent high-dose steroids are given before temporal artery biopsy.

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

Impaired adduction in one eye with nystagmus of the abducting fellow eye, caused by a lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus; bilateral in multiple sclerosis.

Endophthalmitis

An intraocular infection, often after cataract surgery, presenting with pain, hypopyon and vitritis; treated with intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime.

Uveal melanoma

The most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults; ultrasonography shows low internal reflectivity, and treatment includes plaque brachytherapy or enucleation.

Spherical equivalent

A single refractive power representing a spherocylindrical prescription, calculated as sphere plus half the cylinder; used for rough estimation and intraocular lens planning.

Traumatic hyphema

Blood in the anterior chamber after blunt trauma; management includes head elevation and avoidance of aspirin and NSAIDs, with screening for sickle cell trait.

Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation

An immunologic phenomenon in which antigens introduced into the anterior chamber induce suppressed delayed hypersensitivity, protecting the eye from inflammatory damage.