Arab Board Ophthalmology Part 1 flashcards
Arab Board Ophthalmology Part 1 · Build recall with a focused review session.
35 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Corneal epithelium origin
- The corneal epithelium develops from surface ectoderm, while the corneal stroma and endothelium arise from neural crest cells.
- Aqueous humor production rate
- Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary epithelium at approximately 2.5 microliters per minute and drains via the trabecular meshwork.
- Fovea composition
- The fovea contains the highest density of cone photoreceptors and lacks rods, providing high-acuity central vision.
- Pilocarpine mechanism
- Pilocarpine is a direct muscarinic agonist that causes miosis and ciliary muscle contraction, increasing trabecular outflow of aqueous humor.
- Timolol contraindications
- Timolol, a nonselective beta-blocker, is contraindicated in patients with asthma or heart block because it can cause bronchospasm and bradycardia.
- Latanoprost adverse effects
- Latanoprost, a prostaglandin analog, can cause iris darkening, eyelash lengthening, and periorbital skin pigmentation.
- Snell's law
- Snell's law states n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2, describing the refraction of light at the interface between two media.
- Thin lens formula
- The thin lens formula is 1/f = 1/v - 1/u, where f is focal length and u and v are object and image distances.
- Myopia correction
- Myopia is corrected with a concave (minus) lens that diverges light before it enters the eye, moving the image back onto the retina.
- Retinoblastoma gene
- Retinoblastoma is caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 13q14.
- Fungal keratitis signs
- Fungal keratitis typically presents with feathery borders, satellite lesions, and is treated with natamycin or amphotericin B.
- Acanthamoeba keratitis
- Acanthamoeba keratitis is associated with contact lens use and presents with severe pain and a ring-shaped corneal infiltrate.
- HLA-B27 association
- HLA-B27 is associated with anterior uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, and reactive arthritis.
- Sympathetic ophthalmia
- Sympathetic ophthalmia is a bilateral granulomatous uveitis that occurs after penetrating trauma to one eye.
- Immune privilege of eye
- The eye is an immune-privileged site due to the blood-ocular barrier, lack of lymphatic drainage, and immunosuppressive factors such as TGF-beta.
- Keratoconus hallmark
- Keratoconus is characterized by corneal thinning and ectasia, often with inferior steepening on corneal topography.
- Fuchs endothelial dystrophy
- Fuchs endothelial dystrophy shows guttae on Descemet's membrane and can lead to corneal edema due to endothelial dysfunction.
- Bacterial keratitis treatment
- Bacterial keratitis is treated with fortified topical antibiotics such as cefazolin and tobramycin.
- Nuclear sclerotic cataract
- Nuclear sclerotic cataract causes increased refractive index of the lens, leading to index myopia and a temporary 'second sight'.
- Posterior capsule opacification
- Posterior capsule opacification is a common complication after cataract surgery and is treated with Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy.
- Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
- Pseudoexfoliation syndrome involves deposition of fibrillar material on the lens capsule and increases the risk of zonular weakness during cataract surgery.
- Acute angle-closure glaucoma
- Acute angle-closure glaucoma presents with severe eye pain, halos, a mid-dilated pupil, and corneal edema due to sudden rise in intraocular pressure.
- Trabeculectomy purpose
- Trabeculectomy is a filtering surgery that creates a fistula to allow aqueous humor drainage and lower intraocular pressure.
- Drance hemorrhage
- A Drance hemorrhage is a splinter hemorrhage at the optic disc margin and is a sign of glaucoma progression.
- Central retinal artery occlusion
- Central retinal artery occlusion causes sudden painless vision loss with a cherry-red spot at the macula.
- Panretinal photocoagulation
- Panretinal photocoagulation is used to treat proliferative diabetic retinopathy by reducing VEGF production and neovascularization.
- Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
- Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurs when a retinal tear allows vitreous fluid to enter the subretinal space.
- Retinoblastoma presentation
- Retinoblastoma commonly presents with leukocoria and strabismus, and calcification is often seen on imaging.
- Uveal melanoma
- Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults and is treated with plaque brachytherapy or enucleation.
- Optic neuritis
- Optic neuritis presents with painful vision loss, an afferent pupillary defect, and dyschromatopsia, and is associated with multiple sclerosis.
- Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
- Internuclear ophthalmoplegia is caused by a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus and shows impaired adduction with nystagmus.
- Horner's syndrome
- Horner's syndrome presents with ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis due to a lesion in the sympathetic pathway.
- Thyroid eye disease
- Thyroid eye disease presents with exophthalmos, lid retraction, and restrictive myopathy, and is associated with Graves' disease.
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Basal cell carcinoma is the most common eyelid malignancy and typically presents as a pearly nodule with telangiectasia.
- Dacryocystitis
- Dacryocystitis is inflammation of the lacrimal sac, often treated with antibiotics and dacryocystorhinostomy.