Arab Board Pediatrics Clinical Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Mid-parental height formula

Boys: (father's height + mother's height + 13 cm)/2. Girls: (father's height + mother's height - 13 cm)/2. Target range is calculated value plus or minus 8.5 cm.

Growth velocity red flag

Height velocity below 4 cm per year after age 4 years, or height below minus 3 standard deviations, warrants evaluation for growth hormone deficiency or systemic disease.

Apgar score components

Heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color, each scored 0-2 at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

Physiologic vs pathologic jaundice

Physiologic jaundice appears after 24 hours of life and peaks by days 3-5. Jaundice within the first 24 hours is always pathologic and requires urgent evaluation.

Hyperoxia test

Infant breathes 100% oxygen; a PaO2 above 250 mmHg suggests pulmonary disease rather than cyanotic congenital heart disease as the cause of cyanosis.

Prostaglandin E1 indication

Continuous infusion at 0.01-0.05 mcg/kg/min maintains ductal patency in ductal-dependent lesions such as transposition of the great arteries or pulmonary atresia.

Croup treatment

Dexamethasone 0.15-0.6 mg/kg orally or intramuscularly for all severities; nebulized epinephrine for moderate to severe stridor at rest.

Anaphylaxis epinephrine dose

Intramuscular epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg of 1 mg/mL solution, maximum 0.5 mg, into the lateral thigh; repeat every 5-15 minutes if symptoms persist.

Pyloric stenosis ultrasound

Diagnostic criteria are pyloric muscle thickness greater than 3 mm and channel length greater than 14 mm in an infant with nonbilious projectile vomiting.

Neonatal cholestasis definition

Conjugated bilirubin greater than 1 mg/dL or more than 20 percent of total bilirubin in a neonate; requires urgent evaluation for biliary atresia.

Congenital hypothyroidism treatment

Levothyroxine 10-15 mcg/kg/day started within 2 weeks of life to prevent irreversible neurodevelopmental impairment; recheck thyroid function in 4-6 weeks.

Diabetic ketoacidosis criteria

Glucose above 200 mg/dL with venous pH below 7.3, bicarbonate below 15 mEq/L, and ketonemia or ketonuria; treat with fluids then insulin infusion.

Nephrotic syndrome criteria

Edema, proteinuria with urine protein-to-creatinine ratio above 2, hypoalbuminemia below 2.5 g/dL, and hyperlipidemia; minimal change disease is most common in children.

Low C3 glomerulonephritis

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis presents with hematuria, hypertension, and edema, with low C3 that normalizes within 6-8 weeks.

Simple febrile seizure

Generalized seizure lasting under 15 minutes in a child aged 6 months to 5 years with fever, without prior neurologic abnormality; no routine EEG or imaging.

Infantile spasms treatment

Flexor spasms with hypsarrhythmia on EEG; first-line therapy is ACTH or vigabatrin, and early treatment improves developmental outcome.

Sepsis workup under 3 months

Infants younger than 3 months with fever without source require blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures plus empiric antibiotics covering group B Streptococcus and E. coli.

Primary immunodeficiency red flags

Recurrent severe or unusual infections, failure to thrive, family history of immunodeficiency, and poor response to standard vaccines suggest underlying immune deficiency.

Iron deficiency anemia labs

Microcytic anemia with low ferritin, low serum iron, high total iron-binding capacity, and elevated red cell distribution width; treat with oral elemental iron 3-6 mg/kg/day.

Sickle cell prophylaxis

Penicillin prophylaxis until age 5 years, pneumococcal vaccination, and hydroxyurea for recurrent crises or severe disease reduce morbidity and mortality.

Acetaminophen antidote

N-acetylcysteine, guided by the Rumack-Matthew nomogram using a serum level drawn 4 hours or more after ingestion.

Pediatric shock fluid bolus

Isotonic crystalloid 20 mL/kg given rapidly, with reassessment after each bolus; repeat as needed while monitoring for fluid overload.

Lead screening threshold

Blood lead level of 5 mcg/dL or higher requires repeat testing and environmental assessment; levels above 45 mcg/dL may need chelation.

Adolescent confidentiality limits

Confidentiality may be breached when there is risk of harm to self or others, suspected abuse, or a reportable communicable disease.

Weight doubling and tripling

Birth weight doubles by about 5 months, triples by 12 months, and quadruples by 2 years of age in healthy term infants.

Kawasaki disease treatment

Intravenous immunoglobulin 2 g/kg as a single dose plus high-dose aspirin, with echocardiography to monitor for coronary artery aneurysms.

Bronchiolitis management

Supportive care with oxygen and hydration; routine bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics are not recommended for typical bronchiolitis.

Intussusception management

Air or contrast enema is both diagnostic and therapeutic for ileocolic intussusception in a stable child; surgery is reserved for failure or perforation.

Central precocious puberty

Breast development before 8 years in girls or testicular enlargement before 9 years in boys, with pubertal LH response to GnRH stimulation.

Vesicoureteral reflux grading

Grades I-V describe urine reflux from bladder to ureter and kidney; low grades often resolve spontaneously, while high grades may require surgery.

Status epilepticus sequence

Lorazepam 0.1 mg/kg intravenously first-line, followed by phenytoin 20 mg/kg or levetiracetam 60 mg/kg if seizures persist beyond 5-10 minutes.

Neutropenic fever management

Fever with absolute neutrophil count below 500 cells/mcL requires blood cultures and empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics within 1 hour of presentation.