Arab Board Psychiatry Final Written flashcards
Arab Board Psychiatry Final Written · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Delusion
- A fixed false belief not shared by the person's culture, held despite contrary evidence. It is a disorder of thought content and can be persecutory, grandiose, or bizarre.
- Hallucination
- A perception occurring without an external stimulus, experienced as real. Common types are auditory (most common in psychosis) and visual (more suggestive of organic causes).
- Mesolimbic pathway
- Dopamine pathway from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens. Overactivity is linked to positive psychotic symptoms and reward processing.
- Tuberoinfundibular pathway
- Dopamine pathway from hypothalamus to pituitary that inhibits prolactin release. Blockade by antipsychotics causes hyperprolactinaemia, galactorrhoea, and amenorrhoea.
- Serotonin syndrome
- A drug-induced toxidrome of clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, and hyperthermia caused by serotonergic excess. Stop serotonergic drugs and give cyproheptadine if severe.
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- A life-threatening reaction to antipsychotics with rigidity, hyperthermia, autonomic instability, and raised creatine kinase. Stop the drug and give dantrolene or bromocriptine.
- Clozapine monitoring
- Clozapine requires regular full blood count monitoring for neutropenia, weekly for 18 weeks then fortnightly. Also monitor weight, glucose, and myocarditis in early weeks.
- Lithium therapeutic range
- Serum lithium of 0.6-0.8 mmol/L for maintenance. Toxicity (tremor, ataxia, confusion, vomiting) occurs above 1.5 mmol/L, worsened by dehydration and NSAIDs.
- Schizoaffective disorder
- A mood episode occurring with psychotic symptoms, plus at least two weeks of delusions or hallucinations without prominent mood symptoms.
- Brief psychotic disorder
- Psychotic symptoms lasting more than one day but less than one month, with full return to premorbid functioning.
- M'Naghten rule
- Legal test of insanity: the accused did not know the nature or wrongfulness of the act because of mental disease. It differs from fitness to stand trial.
- Fitness to stand trial
- Capacity to understand the charges and proceedings and to instruct legal counsel. It is assessed at the time of trial, not at the time of the offence.
- Informed consent
- Valid consent requires the patient to have capacity, receive adequate information about risks and alternatives, and act voluntarily.
- Capacity assessment
- Four abilities: communicate a choice, understand relevant information, appreciate consequences, and reason about options.
- Mental state examination
- A structured cross-sectional assessment of appearance, behavior, speech, mood, thought, perception, cognition, insight, and judgment.
- Confusion Assessment Method
- A screening tool for delirium based on acute onset with fluctuation, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered consciousness.
- Delirium tremens
- Severe alcohol withdrawal with confusion, hallucinations, tremor, and autonomic instability, typically 48-96 hours after the last drink. Treat with benzodiazepines.
- Wernicke encephalopathy
- Thiamine deficiency causing ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion. Give thiamine before glucose to prevent precipitation or worsening.
- Buprenorphine
- A partial opioid agonist with a ceiling effect used in opioid substitution. It has high affinity and can precipitate withdrawal if given too early.
- ADHD diagnostic criteria
- Inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity for at least six months, with several symptoms before age 12 and impairment in two or more settings.
- Autism spectrum disorder
- Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction plus restricted, repetitive behaviors or interests, with onset in the early developmental period.
- Separation anxiety disorder
- Developmentally inappropriate, persistent fear of separation from attachment figures causing distress or impairment, lasting at least four weeks in children.
- Pseudodementia
- Cognitive impairment resembling dementia that is caused by depression and improves with treatment. It is more common in older adults.
- Start low, go slow
- The principle of initiating psychotropics at reduced doses in older adults and titrating slowly because of altered pharmacokinetics and increased sensitivity.
- Exposure and response prevention
- A CBT technique for OCD in which the patient confronts feared triggers while refraining from compulsions, allowing anxiety to habituate.
- Dialectical behavior therapy
- A structured treatment for borderline personality disorder combining individual therapy, skills training, phone coaching, and therapist consultation to reduce self-harm.
- Motivational interviewing
- A client-centered counseling style using open questions, affirmation, reflection, and summarization to explore and resolve ambivalence about change.
- PTSD criteria
- Exposure to trauma followed by intrusion, avoidance, negative mood or cognitions, and hyperarousal lasting more than one month with functional impairment.
- OCD definition
- Presence of obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming (over one hour daily) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment.
- Panic attack
- An abrupt surge of intense fear peaking within minutes, with palpitations, sweating, dyspnea, and fear of dying or losing control.
- Hypomanic episode
- Elevated or irritable mood with increased energy lasting at least four days, with observable change but no marked impairment or psychosis.
- Tarasoff duty
- A legal duty to take reasonable steps to protect an identifiable third party from a serious threat made by a patient, varying by jurisdiction.