Core Principles and Frameworks
Principles versus frameworks
A principle is a durable guideline (focus on value, collaborate, think iteratively). A framework is a structured set of stages, roles and artefacts (stage-gate, PDCA, DMAIC, iterative delivery). Principles survive methodology changes; frameworks are chosen per context. Questions often present a framework as a principle, or vice versa.
Frameworks you must recognise
- PDCA (plan-do-check-act). The generic improvement loop; underlying most others.
- DMAIC (define-measure-analyse-improve-control). Suited to an existing process with a known problem, unknown cause and available data. The control phase is what distinguishes it from a one-off fix.
- Stage-gate. Sequential phases separated by decision points with defined entry and exit criteria; suits high-uncertainty commitments where stopping early is valuable.
- Iterative and incremental delivery. Short cycles producing usable increments, with learning built into the loop; suits evolving requirements.
- Governance layers. Direction (who sets strategy), management (who runs delivery), assurance (who checks independently). Separation matters for objectivity.
Traps
Forcing a preferred framework onto a mismatched problem. Assuming a framework guarantees a result. Treating a governance body as a decision-maker when its remit is advisory. Confusing a principle such as "collaborate with stakeholders" with a documented process step.
Rule of thumb: match the loop to the problem
Known problem and known cause: standardise and control. Known problem, unknown cause, data available: DMAIC. Unknown solution, high uncertainty: iterative cycles. High cost of late failure, staged commitments: stage-gate. Write this on scratch paper and answer by elimination.
Worked illustration
A service desk has rising rework, no clear cause, and three months of ticket data. Stage-gate is unsuited (no build decision to gate). Iterative delivery is weak (no product to increment). DMAIC fits: define the defect, measure baseline, analyse causes, improve, then control to prevent relapse.