Rules of the Air
The core
ICAO Annex 2 governs rules of the air: right-of-way, lights, signals, flight rules (VFR/IFR), and minimum heights. Know the right-of-way hierarchy: converging aircraft - the one with the other on its right gives way; head-on - both turn right; overtaking - the overtaken aircraft has right of way. Aircraft landing or on final approach have priority over others in flight and on the ground.
VFR and IFR
VFR requires specified visibility and cloud separation (VMC minima) depending on airspace and altitude. IFR requires an ATC clearance and adherence to procedures. Cruising levels follow the semicircular rule (odd/even based on track and, in some regions, magnetic/true). Minimum height over congested areas and open country differs and is often tested.
Lights and signals
Navigation lights (red left, green right, white rear), anti-collision lights, and the meaning of interception signals and distress signals are exam favourites. Know the meaning of a red flare, steady red light, and the interception rocking-wing signal.
Traps
- Applying VFR minima without checking the airspace class.
- Confusing "give way" direction in converging cases.
- Forgetting that landing aircraft have priority.
- Mixing up the semicircular rule when track is 000-179 vs 180-359.
Worked example
Two aircraft converge at the same level; aircraft A sees B on its right. A must give way. If they are head-on, both turn right. Rule of thumb: right on right = give way; head-on = both right; overtaking = you go around.