HSC Modern History (NSW) flashcards
HSC Modern History (NSW) · Build recall with a focused review session.
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- Article 231
- The war-guilt clause of the Treaty of Versailles (1919) making Germany accept responsibility for the war and providing the legal basis for reparations payments.
- Article 48
- Weimar Constitution provision allowing the president to rule by emergency decree, suspending civil liberties and enabling legislation without the Reichstag in crisis conditions.
- Enabling Act 1933
- German law of 24 March 1933 permitting Hitler's cabinet to legislate without the Reichstag for four years, the legal foundation of Nazi dictatorship.
- Night of the Long Knives
- June–July 1934 purge in which Hitler's SS killed SA leader Ernst Röhm and other rivals, securing army support and consolidating Nazi control.
- Nuremberg Laws 1935
- Legislation stripping German Jews of Reich citizenship and forbidding marriage or sexual relations between Jews and persons of German blood, embedding racial persecution in law.
- Tripartite Pact 1940
- Agreement signed 27 September 1940 by Germany, Italy and Japan creating the Axis alliance and pledging mutual assistance against new belligerents.
- Reichstag Fire Decree
- Emergency decree of 28 February 1933 suspending Weimar civil liberties after the Reichstag fire, allowing mass arrests of communists and political opponents.
- Goebbels propaganda ministry
- Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda established 1933, controlling press, film, radio and culture to shape public loyalty to the Nazi regime.
- Weimar hyperinflation 1923
- Currency collapse peaking November 1923 when the mark became almost worthless, destroying middle-class savings and discrediting the Weimar Republic.
- Nazi vote share 1932
- In July 1932 elections the Nazi Party won 37.3 percent of the vote; in November 1932 it fell to 33.1 percent before Hitler became chancellor.
- Long March 1934–35
- Retreat of Chinese Communist forces from Jiangxi to Shaanxi, covering thousands of kilometres and establishing Mao Zedong's leadership and survival.
- February 26 Incident 1936
- Failed coup by young Japanese army officers in Tokyo that weakened civilian government and accelerated militarist control over national policy.
- Manchurian Incident 1931
- Japanese military action in Manchuria, using a staged railway explosion as pretext, leading to the puppet state of Manchukuo and international condemnation.
- New Deal 1933–39
- Roosevelt's program of relief, recovery and reform including banking regulation, public works and social security, expanding federal authority in the USA.
- Five-Year Plans
- Soviet central economic plans beginning 1928 under Stalin, prioritising heavy industry and collectivised agriculture through state direction and coercion.
- May Fourth Movement 1919
- Chinese student protests against the Treaty of Versailles, promoting nationalism, cultural reform and new political ideas including Marxism among intellectuals.
- Great Purges 1936–38
- Stalin's campaigns of show trials, executions and labour camp imprisonment eliminating political rivals and creating a climate of fear in the Soviet Union.
- Taisho democracy
- Period from roughly 1912 to 1926 in Japan when party politics and parliamentary government expanded before militarist influence reasserted control.
- Camp David Accords 1978
- Egyptian–Israeli agreements brokered by the USA, producing the 1979 peace treaty and Israel's withdrawal from Sinai, the first Arab recognition of Israel.
- Tet Offensive 1968
- Coordinated North Vietnamese and Viet Cong attacks across South Vietnam that, despite military failure, undermined American public support for the war.
- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
- 1964 US congressional resolution authorising military action in Vietnam after reported attacks, allowing large-scale escalation without a formal declaration of war.
- Dien Bien Phu 1954
- Decisive Vietnamese victory over French forces that ended French colonial rule in Indochina and shaped the Geneva settlement dividing Vietnam.
- Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
- Confrontation over Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, resolved by withdrawal and US promises, highlighting Cold War escalation and the value of communication.
- Chapter VII mandate
- UN Charter authority permitting enforcement action including force to maintain or restore international peace, unlike consent-based Chapter VI peacekeeping.
- Balfour Declaration 1917
- British statement supporting a Jewish national home in Palestine while protecting existing non-Jewish communities, a key cause of later Arab–Israeli conflict.
- Island hopping
- Allied Pacific strategy bypassing heavily defended Japanese strongholds to capture strategic islands, advancing toward Japan and shortening the war.
- Brown v Board 1954
- US Supreme Court ruling that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional, overturning separate-but-equal doctrine and energising civil rights campaigns.
- Voting Rights Act 1965
- US federal law banning discriminatory voting practices and authorising supervision of elections, enabling mass African American political participation in the South.
- Partial Test Ban Treaty 1963
- Agreement prohibiting nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, space and underwater, reducing fallout and marking limited Cold War arms cooperation.
- NPT 1968
- Non-Proliferation Treaty restricting nuclear weapons to recognised states and promoting disarmament and peaceful nuclear technology, a landmark arms-control framework.
- Second-wave feminism
- Post-1960s movement addressing workplace inequality, reproductive rights and legal discrimination, extending beyond earlier campaigns focused chiefly on suffrage.
- Chartism 1838–48
- British working-class movement petitioning for universal male suffrage, secret ballots and other political reforms, illustrating pressure for democratic change.