SACE Stage 2 Health and Wellbeing flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Determinants of health

The range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status, grouped as biological, behavioural, social, economic, and environmental influences.

Social gradient in health

The stepwise relationship in which health improves as socioeconomic position rises, so that each higher level of income, education, or occupation shows better outcomes.

Biopsychosocial model

A model treating health and illness as the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors, in contrast to a purely biomedical focus on pathology.

Health literacy

The ability to obtain, understand, and use health information to make informed decisions, with low levels linked to poorer self-management and more hospital admissions.

Protective factors

Conditions or attributes such as social support, secure attachment, and stable employment that reduce the likelihood of harm or buffer the effect of risk factors.

Intersectionality

The idea that overlapping social identities such as gender, ethnicity, disability, and class combine to produce health disadvantage not explained by any single identity.

Ottawa Charter prerequisites

The fundamental conditions for health named in the 1986 charter: peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity.

Cumulative risk

The principle that exposure to multiple adverse factors produces greater harm than any single factor, so combined risk scores predict outcomes better than individual factors.

WHO definition of health

The 1948 WHO definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Incidence versus prevalence

Incidence counts new cases arising in a population over a period; prevalence counts all existing cases at a given point or period.

Health inequity

An avoidable, unjust, and unfair difference in health between groups, distinguished from any observed difference, which is termed a health inequality.

DALY

A disability-adjusted life year, calculated as years of life lost plus years lived with disability; one DALY represents one lost year of healthy life.

Epidemiological transition

The shift in population disease patterns from infectious disease and high mortality toward chronic non-communicable disease as societies develop and life expectancy rises.

Social and emotional wellbeing

A holistic Indigenous health framework encompassing connection to land, culture, spirituality, ancestry, family, and community, rather than individual physical symptoms alone.

Life expectancy at birth

The average number of years a newborn would live if current age-specific death rates remained constant throughout their lifetime.

Rural and remote health access

Lower service availability, longer travel distances, and workforce shortages in rural and remote areas, producing later diagnosis and poorer access than urban settings.

Health promotion

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health, distinguished from health education, which is one strategy used within it.

Ottawa Charter action areas

Five strategies: build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, and reorient health services.

Health Belief Model

A behaviour model predicting action from perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers, plus cues to action and self-efficacy.

Stages of Change model

A model describing progression through precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance, with interventions matched to the person's current stage.

Social-ecological model

A framework targeting change at intrapersonal, interpersonal, organisational, community, and public policy levels, with effective programs intervening at several levels.

Upstream approach

An intervention that modifies policy or environment so healthy choices become the default, acting before risk is established rather than on individual behaviour afterwards.

Community development

A bottom-up approach building local capacity, participation, and ownership, contrasted with top-down provision that may reduce community control and sustainability.

Levels of prevention

Primary prevention acts before disease onset; secondary detects disease early through screening; tertiary limits disability and supports rehabilitation after disease is established.

Health impact assessment

A structured process predicting the health consequences of a proposed policy, program, or project before implementation, used to embed health into other sectors.

Sustainable Development Goals

Seventeen UN goals adopted in 2015 with 169 targets; SDG 3 addresses good health and wellbeing, including universal health coverage.

Universal health coverage

A system in which all people receive needed quality health services without financial hardship, measured through service coverage and catastrophic out-of-pocket spending.

Tobacco control convention

The 2003 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the first treaty negotiated under WHO, obliging parties to adopt price, advertising, and smoke-free measures.

International Health Regulations

The 2005 binding instrument requiring states to detect, assess, report, and respond to public health events, and defining the public health emergency mechanism.

Epidemiological triad

A model explaining infectious disease through the interaction of agent, host, and environment, allowing control measures to target any of the three components.

Antimicrobial resistance

The loss of drug effectiveness driven by overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human and animal health, requiring coordinated One Health action across sectors.

Inverse care law

The observation that availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served, seen within and between countries.