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SACE Stage 2 Physical Education study materials
SACE Stage 2 Physical Education study resources

SACE Stage 2 Physical Education practice questions

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Question 1Physical Education

Which energy system supplies ATP most rapidly during a maximal 100-metre sprint?

  1. ATP-PC (phosphagen) system Correct answer.
  2. Aerobic glycolysis
  3. Beta-oxidation of fats
  4. The Krebs cycle

Explanation

The ATP-PC system uses stored creatine phosphate to regenerate ATP within a fraction of a second, making it the dominant source for very short maximal efforts of roughly ten seconds or less. The other pathways are slower to activate and contribute progressively more as effort duration increases.

Question 2Physical Education

What is the primary role of the sarcomere during muscle contraction?

  1. It is the functional unit where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other Correct answer.
  2. It buffers lactic acid within the muscle cell
  3. It stores glycogen for later breakdown
  4. It transmits nerve impulses to the muscle fibre

Explanation

The sarcomere is the repeating contractile unit of a myofibril, bounded by Z-lines, where actin and myosin filaments interact. During contraction the filaments slide over one another, shortening the sarcomere and generating tension.

Question 3Physical Education

Which type of joint allows the greatest range of movement, such as at the shoulder?

  1. Ball-and-socket joint Correct answer.
  2. Pivot joint
  3. Saddle joint
  4. Hinge joint

Explanation

A ball-and-socket joint has a rounded head fitting into a cup-shaped cavity, permitting movement in all three planes including flexion, extension, abduction, rotation and circumduction. This triaxial structure gives it the widest range of motion in the body.

Question 4Physical Education

During moderate-intensity steady-state aerobic exercise, which response best reflects cardiac output adaptation?

  1. Heart rate rises while stroke volume falls sharply
  2. Stroke volume increases while heart rate remains at resting values
  3. Cardiac output decreases to conserve oxygen for the brain
  4. Both heart rate and stroke volume increase, raising cardiac output Correct answer.

Explanation

Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume. During moderate aerobic work both components rise, so cardiac output increases to deliver more oxygenated blood to active muscle.

Question 5Physical Education

Which training principle explains why a performer must gradually increase training load to keep improving?

  1. Specificity
  2. Reversibility
  3. Progressive overload Correct answer.
  4. Individual difference

Explanation

Progressive overload states that the body adapts only when the training stimulus is gradually increased beyond current capacity. Without systematically raising the load, adaptation plateaus and fitness gains stop.

Question 6Physical Education

A netball player repeatedly performs short explosive jumps with brief rests. Which fitness component is being primarily developed?

  1. Flexibility
  2. Muscular endurance
  3. Muscular power Correct answer.
  4. Aerobic power

Explanation

Muscular power is the ability to produce force rapidly, which is exactly what short explosive jumps require. Repeated brief efforts with rest target the fast, forceful recruitment of muscle rather than sustained submaximal work.

Question 7Physical Education

Which food group is the body's most readily available source of carbohydrate for glycogen replenishment?

  1. Cereals, breads and starchy vegetables Correct answer.
  2. Butter and oils
  3. Green leafy vegetables
  4. Lean meats and fish

Explanation

Cereals, breads and starchy vegetables are dense in complex carbohydrate, which is digested to glucose and stored as glycogen. Restoring glycogen after training depends mainly on these carbohydrate-rich foods.

Question 8Physical Education

In a game of basketball, which skill classification best describes a set shot performed from a stationary position?

  1. Closed, externally paced skill
  2. Open, self-paced skill
  3. Open, externally paced skill
  4. Closed, self-paced skill Correct answer.

Explanation

A set shot from a stationary position occurs in a predictable environment where the performer controls when to begin, making it closed and self-paced. The environment does not force the timing of the movement.

Question 9Physical Education

Which mechanism best explains the increased stroke volume observed in a trained endurance athlete at rest?

  1. A larger left ventricular chamber and stronger contraction Correct answer.
  2. Reduced total blood volume
  3. A higher resting heart rate
  4. Increased peripheral resistance

Explanation

Endurance training enlarges the left ventricle and strengthens the myocardium, allowing a greater volume of blood to be ejected per beat. This raises stroke volume and commonly lowers resting heart rate.

Question 10Physical Education

Which statement correctly distinguishes aerobic from anaerobic ATP production?

  1. Aerobic production occurs only in the absence of oxygen
  2. Both pathways yield identical ATP totals per glucose molecule
  3. Anaerobic production yields more ATP per glucose molecule and occurs rapidly
  4. Aerobic production yields more ATP per glucose molecule but occurs more slowly Correct answer.

Explanation

Aerobic metabolism fully oxidises glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, producing a large ATP yield but at a slower rate. Anaerobic glycolysis is faster but yields far less ATP per glucose molecule.

Question 11Physical Education

A coach wants a 400-metre runner to improve tolerance to lactate accumulation. Which session design best targets this?

  1. Static stretching sessions before each run
  2. Long slow distance runs of 60 minutes at low intensity
  3. Repeated 300-metre efforts at near-race pace with short recovery Correct answer.
  4. Low-repetition maximal strength work with long rests

Explanation

Repeated near-maximal efforts with incomplete recovery stress anaerobic glycolysis and expose the athlete to high lactate concentrations, training buffering and tolerance. This specificity matches the demands of a 400-metre race.

Question 12Physical Education

Which biomechanical principle explains why a gymnast bends the knees on landing from a vault?

  1. Extending the time of impact to reduce the force experienced Correct answer.
  2. Increasing the moment of inertia to spin faster
  3. Raising the centre of gravity to improve balance
  4. Reducing body mass at the point of contact

Explanation

By flexing the knees the gymnast increases the time over which the body decelerates, and because impulse equals force multiplied by time, a longer deceleration time reduces the peak force absorbed. This protects joints and tissues from injury.

Question 13Physical Education

Which statement best describes the role of the antagonist muscle during a bicep curl?

  1. It lengthens and controls the movement while the agonist shortens Correct answer.
  2. It acts as the prime mover generating the lift
  3. It contracts strongly to assist the agonist throughout the lift
  4. It relaxes completely and plays no role

Explanation

During a bicep curl the biceps brachii is the agonist that shortens, while the triceps acts as the antagonist, lengthening under control. This coordinated lengthening helps regulate the speed and smoothness of the movement.

Question 14Physical Education

Which method is most appropriate for measuring a performer's agility in a school setting?

  1. A sit-and-reach test
  2. A 20-metre multistage fitness test
  3. A vertical jump test
  4. A timed zig-zag shuttle run through cones Correct answer.

Explanation

Agility involves rapid changes of direction, which a timed zig-zag shuttle run through cones directly assesses. The other tests measure flexibility, aerobic capacity and lower-body power respectively.

Question 15Physical Education

Why is a warm-up considered important before vigorous physical activity?

  1. It raises muscle temperature and blood flow, reducing injury risk Correct answer.
  2. It permanently increases muscle mass before performance
  3. It eliminates the need for a cool-down afterwards
  4. It lowers heart rate to conserve energy for the activity

Explanation

A warm-up gradually raises muscle temperature, increases blood flow and enhances nerve conduction, preparing the body for the demands of activity and reducing the likelihood of strain injuries. It also improves readiness and movement quality.

Question 16Physical Education

A performer's heart rate remains elevated well above resting levels for several minutes after a hard interval session. Which explanation is most accurate?

  1. Stroke volume has fallen below resting levels
  2. The heart must continue delivering oxygen to repay the oxygen deficit and clear by-products Correct answer.
  3. The heart has become permanently damaged by the effort
  4. The body is conserving oxygen for the brain only

Explanation

After intense exercise, oxygen consumption stays above resting levels to restore phosphagen stores, clear metabolic by-products and return the body to homeostasis. Elevated heart rate supports this continued oxygen delivery during recovery.

Question 17Physical Education

Which statement correctly explains how a lever system with a longer effort arm affects movement?

  1. It changes the lever class from first to third
  2. It reduces the mechanical advantage, requiring more effort
  3. It eliminates the need for a fulcrum
  4. It increases mechanical advantage, allowing a given load to be moved with less effort Correct answer.

Explanation

Mechanical advantage is the ratio of effort arm length to load arm length. Lengthening the effort arm raises this ratio, so a given resistance can be overcome with a smaller applied force.

Question 18Physical Education

In a 1500-metre race, which energy system contributes the greatest proportion of ATP over the full duration?

  1. Aerobic system Correct answer.
  2. ATP-PC system
  3. Anaerobic glycolysis
  4. The alactacid system

Explanation

A 1500-metre race typically lasts around four minutes, an intensity and duration at which the aerobic system supplies the majority of ATP, with anaerobic contribution declining after the early phase. The aerobic system dominates because the effort extends well beyond the phosphagen and glycolytic windows.

Question 19Physical Education

Which of the following best describes the principle of specificity in training?

  1. Training effects are lost quickly when exercise stops
  2. Training must include rest days to avoid overtraining
  3. Training adaptations are specific to the muscles and energy systems stressed Correct answer.
  4. Training must progressively increase in volume each week

Explanation

Specificity holds that the body adapts in the manner demanded by the training, so the muscles, movement patterns and energy systems used determine the gains. A swimmer, for example, must train in ways that replicate swimming demands to improve swimming performance.

Question 20Physical Education

A coach uses video analysis and notes the performer's elbow drops during a tennis serve. Which feedback approach best supports skill improvement?

  1. Feedback focused only on the final score of the serve
  2. Delayed general praise without specific information
  3. No feedback to encourage self-discovery
  4. Immediate specific feedback about the elbow position with a corrective cue Correct answer.

Explanation

Effective feedback is specific, timely and directed at the observable technique error, giving the learner a clear corrective cue. General praise or outcome-only information does not tell the performer what to change.

Question 21Physical Education

Which statement best explains the relationship between force and acceleration according to Newton's second law in a sprint start?

  1. Greater mass always produces greater acceleration for the same force
  2. Force and acceleration are unrelated during the start
  3. Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to mass Correct answer.
  4. Acceleration is independent of the force applied to the blocks

Explanation

Newton's second law states that acceleration equals net force divided by mass. A sprinter therefore accelerates more when pushing harder against the blocks and when carrying less mass, since acceleration rises with force and falls with mass.

Question 22Physical Education

An athlete reports persistent fatigue, declining performance and disturbed sleep across several weeks of heavy training. Which interpretation is most appropriate?

  1. A temporary issue that will resolve with more high-intensity sessions
  2. Normal adaptation that requires no change to the program
  3. A sign of overtraining that warrants reduced load and increased recovery Correct answer.
  4. Evidence that the training intensity is too low

Explanation

Persistent fatigue, performance decline and sleep disturbance that accumulate over weeks indicate overtraining rather than ordinary adaptation. The appropriate response is to reduce training load and prioritise recovery, since adding more intense work would worsen the condition.

Question 23Physical Education

Which combination of factors most accurately explains the greater endurance capacity of a trained athlete compared with an untrained person?

  1. Reduced blood volume and lower stroke volume
  2. Decreased reliance on fat oxidation at submaximal intensities
  3. Higher maximal cardiac output, greater capillary density and increased mitochondrial enzymes Correct answer.
  4. Lower capillary density and reduced mitochondrial volume

Explanation

Endurance training raises maximal cardiac output, increases capillary density around muscle fibres and boosts mitochondrial enzyme activity, all of which improve oxygen delivery and utilisation. Together these adaptations allow a higher sustained work rate before fatigue.

Question 24Physical Education

A coach wants to compare two players' change-of-direction ability fairly. Which approach best controls for confounding variables?

  1. Test only the player who appears fitter
  2. Test each player on a different course to suit their strengths
  3. Test both players on the same course with standardised instructions and identical rest conditions Correct answer.
  4. Allow each player to choose their own rest period between trials

Explanation

Fair comparison requires standardising the test protocol so that differences reflect the ability being measured rather than the conditions. Using the same course, identical instructions and matched rest controls extraneous variables that could bias results.

Question 25Physical Education

Which explanation best accounts for the plateau in performance often observed when training volume is increased without adequate recovery?

  1. Accumulated fatigue masks fitness gains and impairs adaptation until recovery occurs Correct answer.
  2. Increased volume always reduces muscle fibre recruitment permanently
  3. Adaptation depends only on genetic factors and not on training
  4. The body cannot adapt to any training stimulus beyond a fixed limit

Explanation

The fitness-fatigue model holds that performance reflects both positive fitness and negative fatigue from training. When fatigue accumulates faster than it dissipates, it masks the fitness gained, so performance plateaus until adequate recovery allows fatigue to subside.

Question 26Physical Education

Which term describes the maximum rate at which the body can take up and use oxygen during intense exercise?

  1. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) Correct answer.
  2. Resting metabolic rate
  3. Anaerobic power
  4. Lactate threshold

Explanation

Maximal oxygen uptake, or VO2 max, is the ceiling on aerobic energy production and is expressed as millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of body mass per minute. It reflects the combined capacity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to deliver oxygen and of muscle to use it.

Question 27Physical Education

Which type of joint allows movement in all three planes, such as the shoulder?

  1. Pivot joint
  2. Ball-and-socket joint Correct answer.
  3. Hinge joint
  4. Saddle joint

Explanation

A ball-and-socket joint has a rounded head sitting in a cup-shaped cavity, permitting flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction. The shoulder and hip are the classic examples of this multi-axial design.

Question 28Physical Education

Which muscle fibre type is best suited to sprinting because it contracts rapidly and fatigues quickly?

  1. Cardiac muscle fibres
  2. Smooth muscle fibres
  3. Type II fast-twitch fibres Correct answer.
  4. Type I slow-twitch fibres

Explanation

Type II fast-twitch fibres generate force quickly and rely heavily on anaerobic glycolysis, giving high power output but rapid fatigue. This makes them dominant in short, explosive events such as sprinting.

Question 29Physical Education

Which training principle states that overload must be progressively increased as the body adapts?

  1. Progressive overload Correct answer.
  2. Individuality
  3. Reversibility
  4. Variation

Explanation

Progressive overload means gradually raising the training stimulus, through volume, intensity or frequency, so the body continues to adapt. Without continued increases, adaptation plateaus once the athlete has adjusted to the current load.

Question 30Physical Education

During a 100-metre sprint, which energy system supplies most of the ATP?

  1. The lipolysis system
  2. The aerobic glycolysis system
  3. The aerobic system
  4. The ATP-PC system Correct answer.

Explanation

The ATP-PC system uses stored creatine phosphate to rebuild ATP almost instantly, dominating the first ten seconds of maximal effort. A 100-metre sprint is completed within that window, so this system provides the majority of energy.

Question 31Physical Education

What is the main function of the tendon in a musculoskeletal system?

  1. To produce synovial fluid
  2. To store calcium for the skeleton
  3. To attach bone to bone at a joint
  4. To attach muscle to bone and transmit force Correct answer.

Explanation

Tendons are tough connective tissues that join muscle to bone, transmitting the force generated by muscle contraction to create movement. Their elasticity also stores and releases energy during activities such as running and jumping.

Question 32Physical Education

Which statement best defines agility as a fitness component?

  1. The ability to sustain submaximal work for a long period
  2. The ability to change direction rapidly while maintaining balance Correct answer.
  3. The range of motion available at a joint
  4. The ability to exert maximum force in one movement

Explanation

Agility combines rapid whole-body change of direction with the maintenance of balance and control, and it depends on speed, coordination and reaction time. It is distinct from pure speed because the performer must decelerate, reposition and re-accelerate.

Question 33Physical Education

Which statement best describes the purpose of a cool-down after training?

  1. To increase muscle temperature before the next session
  2. To add overload to the training session
  3. To improve maximal strength gains
  4. To gradually return heart rate and circulation towards resting levels Correct answer.

Explanation

A cool-down involves low-intensity activity and stretching that allows heart rate, breathing and blood flow to decline gradually, which helps clear metabolic by-products and reduce dizziness. It supports recovery rather than adding training stimulus.

Question 34Physical Education

A volleyball player wants to improve the height of their spike jump. Which training method most specifically develops the required quality?

  1. Continuous steady-state running for 40 minutes
  2. Static stretching of the shoulder
  3. Plyometric bounding and jump training Correct answer.
  4. Low-intensity cycling for 20 minutes

Explanation

Jump height depends on explosive lower-body power, which plyometric training develops through stretch-shortening cycle actions such as bounds, hops and depth jumps. These drills train the nervous system and elastic tissues to produce force rapidly.

Question 35Physical Education

A basketballer lands from a rebound and immediately pivots to pass. Which combination of fitness components is most critical for this action?

  1. Reaction time and flexibility
  2. Balance and agility Correct answer.
  3. Aerobic power and body composition
  4. Muscular endurance and flexibility

Explanation

Landing, stabilising and then rapidly redirecting the body requires balance to control the centre of mass and agility to change direction quickly. These components work together to keep the player stable and fast after the landing.

Question 36Physical Education

A coach wants to develop a player's aerobic base early in the pre-season. Which session best matches this goal?

  1. Ten minutes of static hamstring stretching
  2. Three sets of five heavy back squats
  3. Six sets of 30-metre sprints with full recovery
  4. A 30-minute continuous run at moderate intensity Correct answer.

Explanation

Aerobic base development requires prolonged continuous activity at moderate intensity, which stresses the cardiovascular system and improves stroke volume, capillary density and mitochondrial function. This matches the specificity principle for endurance goals.

Question 37Physical Education

A netball umpire awards a free pass after a player travels with the ball. Which type of skill classification best describes the umpire's decision-making?

  1. A closed perceptual skill
  2. An open perceptual skill Correct answer.
  3. A gross motor skill
  4. A closed motor skill

Explanation

Umpiring decisions occur in an unpredictable, changing environment where the official must read play and respond to many cues, which makes the perceptual skill open. The environment dictates the response rather than being fixed in advance.

Question 38Physical Education

A swimmer practising a new stroke keeps their head too high and loses body alignment. Which type of feedback is the coach's verbal cue about head position?

  1. Extrinsic feedback Correct answer.
  2. Knowledge of results
  3. Intrinsic feedback
  4. Knowledge of performance

Explanation

Extrinsic feedback comes from an external source such as a coach, and a verbal cue about technique is a clear example. It supplements the swimmer's own intrinsic sensations to guide skill correction.

Question 39Physical Education

A gymnast is learning a new vault and the coach physically supports them through the movement. This guidance is best described as which type of practice?

  1. Manual guidance Correct answer.
  2. Massed practice
  3. Mental rehearsal
  4. Whole-part-whole practice

Explanation

Manual guidance involves the coach physically directing or supporting the learner through the skill, which builds kinaesthetic awareness and reduces the risk of injury during early learning. It is typically faded as the gymnast gains competence.

Question 40Physical Education

A runner's foot pushes backwards against the ground, and the ground pushes the runner forwards. Which law of motion does this illustrate?

  1. Newton's third law Correct answer.
  2. The law of conservation of momentum
  3. Newton's first law
  4. Newton's second law

Explanation

Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, so the backward force applied to the ground produces a forward reaction force on the runner. This interaction between foot and surface propels the athlete.

Question 41Physical Education

A coach wants to reduce the risk of overtraining in a squad during a heavy competition phase. Which strategy is most appropriate?

  1. Increasing training volume every week without rest
  2. Adding a second daily session for every athlete
  3. Removing all skill work from sessions
  4. Scheduling regular recovery days and monitoring fatigue Correct answer.

Explanation

Recovery days and monitoring of fatigue markers allow adaptation to occur and help detect early signs of excessive stress. Balancing training load with rest is the key method for preventing overtraining while maintaining performance.

Question 42Physical Education

A tennis player wants to improve first-serve speed. Which biomechanical change would most increase the speed of the racket head at impact?

  1. Gripping the racket more tightly throughout the swing
  2. Shortening the swing to reduce the range of motion
  3. Increasing the angular velocity of the shoulder rotation Correct answer.
  4. Standing more upright with straight knees

Explanation

Racket head speed is generated largely by the summation of segment rotations, so increasing shoulder angular velocity raises the linear velocity of the racket at impact. A coordinated kinetic chain transfers this rotational speed outward to the implement.

Question 43Physical Education

A coach compares two athletes with the same vertical jump height, but one lands heavily with straight legs while the other lands softly with bent knees. Which explanation best accounts for the softer landing?

  1. The bent-knee landing eliminates the reaction force from the ground
  2. The bent-knee landing reduces the athlete's mass at impact
  3. The bent-knee landing decreases the time over which momentum changes, lowering the impact force
  4. The bent-knee landing increases the time over which momentum changes, lowering the impact force Correct answer.

Explanation

Extending the landing time reduces the rate of change of momentum, and because force equals the rate of change of momentum, the average impact force is smaller. Bending the knees and hips lengthens the deceleration phase, protecting joints from high peak loads.

Question 44Physical Education

Which statement best explains why a warm-up that includes dynamic movements improves performance in a sprint race?

  1. It reduces blood flow to the working muscles
  2. It decreases the elasticity of muscle and tendon
  3. It lowers the athlete's heart rate below resting levels
  4. It raises muscle temperature and nerve conduction speed Correct answer.

Explanation

Dynamic warm-up activity raises muscle temperature, which increases enzyme activity, nerve conduction velocity and the elasticity of muscle and tendon. These changes allow faster and more forceful contractions in the subsequent sprint.

Question 45Physical Education

A coach increases a squad's weekly running volume by 40 percent over two weeks. Several athletes develop shin pain. Which principle best explains this outcome?

  1. The principle of specificity
  2. The principle of progressive overload applied too rapidly Correct answer.
  3. The principle of individualisation
  4. The principle of reversibility

Explanation

Progressive overload must be applied gradually so tissues can adapt to the increased load. A sudden large increase in volume exceeds the adaptive capacity of bone and connective tissue, producing overuse symptoms such as shin pain.

Question 46Physical Education

A 14-year-old athlete and an adult train with identical programs. The adolescent shows less strength gain. Which principle most directly explains this difference?

  1. The principle of diminishing returns
  2. Individuality of response to training Correct answer.
  3. The principle of variation
  4. The principle of reversibility

Explanation

The individuality principle recognises that athletes of different age, maturity, training history and genetics respond differently to the same stimulus. The adolescent's lower strength gain reflects that individual response rather than a flaw in the program.

Question 47Physical Education

A cyclist wants to estimate their lactate threshold non-invasively in a school setting. Which approach is most practical?

  1. Performing a single one-repetition maximum leg press
  2. Measuring sit-and-reach flexibility
  3. Measuring blood lactate with a finger-prick analyser at increasing intensities Correct answer.
  4. Timing a 10-metre sprint

Explanation

Lactate threshold is determined by sampling blood lactate at progressively increasing exercise intensities and identifying the point where it rises sharply. A portable finger-prick analyser makes this feasible in a school laboratory context.

Question 48Physical Education

A rower's technique breaks down in the final 500 metres of a 2000-metre race despite good early form. Which explanation is most consistent with physiological principles?

  1. Accumulated fatigue and rising lactate impair muscle coordination and force production Correct answer.
  2. Aerobic ATP supply has increased sharply in the final phase
  3. The ATP-PC system is now the dominant energy source
  4. The athlete's body composition has changed during the race

Explanation

Near maximal effort over 2000 metres relies heavily on anaerobic glycolysis, and the resulting hydrogen ion and lactate accumulation contributes to fatigue and impaired neuromuscular coordination. This produces the observed technical breakdown in the closing phase.

Question 49Physical Education

A coach argues that a heavier implement will always produce a faster throw because force equals mass times acceleration. Which analysis is most accurate?

  1. Implement mass has no effect on release speed
  2. A heavier implement always increases release speed because momentum is larger
  3. A heavier implement increases acceleration because inertia is greater
  4. A heavier implement reduces achievable acceleration for the same applied force, so release speed may fall Correct answer.

Explanation

For a given muscular force, Newton's second law shows that acceleration is inversely related to mass, so a heavier implement accelerates less during the throwing action. While momentum at release may still be substantial, release speed commonly decreases unless the athlete can apply proportionally greater force.

Question 50Physical Education

A coach uses part practice to teach a complex gymnastics routine, then reassembles the whole routine. Which potential limitation should the coach monitor?

  1. Learners will develop excessive intrinsic feedback
  2. Learners may lose the timing and flow that link the parts together Correct answer.
  3. The whole routine will become too easy to perform
  4. Learners cannot learn any single part in isolation

Explanation

Part practice simplifies complex skills but can reduce the transfer of timing, rhythm and transitional control when the parts are recombined. The coach should therefore reintegrate the parts and practise the whole routine to restore coordination between segments.