TASC Modern History Level 3 key terms

The shift from hand tools and small workshops to machine production in factories, beginning in Britain in the late 1700s and spreading to Europe and North America during the 1800s.

The rapid growth of cities as people move from farms and villages into towns to find factory work and housing.

An organization of workers who join together to bargain with employers over pay, hours, and safety conditions.

A work stoppage in which employees refuse to work until their demands are met, used as leverage against an employer.

Negotiation between a union representing many workers and an employer over wages, benefits, and working rules.

The practice of a stronger nation extending political or economic control over weaker territories, often through colonies or protectorates.

A territory ruled and settled by a distant country that governs its affairs and often exploits its resources.

A region where one outside power claims exclusive trading or political privileges without formally owning the territory.

Strong loyalty to one's own nation, often accompanied by the belief that its interests should come before those of other countries.

A policy of building up armed forces and giving the military great influence over a country's government and foreign policy.

A network of agreements in which nations promise to defend one another, which can turn a local dispute into a wider war.

The World War I coalition led by Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.

The World War I coalition that fought the Central Powers, including Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and later the United States.

A form of fighting in which opposing armies dig fortified ditches and attack across open ground between them, producing heavy casualties and stalemate.

A conflict in which whole societies are mobilized, with civilian industry, agriculture, and populations treated as part of the war effort.

Information spread deliberately to shape public opinion, often by presenting one-sided or misleading claims in support of a cause.

The 1919 agreement ending World War I with Germany, imposing territorial losses, military limits, and heavy reparations that fueled resentment.

Payments required from a defeated country to cover the costs of damage caused during a war.

An international organization founded after World War I to settle disputes peacefully; it lacked enforcement power and the United States never joined.

A policy of granting concessions to an aggressive power in hopes of avoiding war, associated with responses to German expansion in the 1930s.

A political system that glorifies the nation and a single leader, suppresses opposition, and stresses military strength over individual rights.

A form of government that seeks complete control over public and private life through a single party, secret police, and official ideology.

The official suppression of speech, writing, or images judged harmful or unacceptable by those in power.

A worldwide economic collapse beginning in 1929 that brought bank failures, mass unemployment, and falling production throughout the 1930s.

The sharp collapse of share prices in October 1929 that undermined confidence in banks and helped trigger the Great Depression.

A set of programs launched by the United States in the 1930s to create jobs, regulate banks, and provide relief during the Great Depression.

Extremely rapid and out-of-control price increases that make a currency nearly worthless, as happened in Germany in the early 1920s.

The deliberate, systematic destruction of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, including its people and culture.

The state-organized murder of about six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II.

An international organization founded in 1945 to maintain peace, promote cooperation, and protect human rights among member states.

The long rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, marked by arms races, alliances, and proxy conflicts rather than direct war.

A United States policy of limiting the spread of communism to areas where it already existed, pursued through aid, alliances, and military action.

A United States program that sent economic aid to Western Europe after World War II to rebuild economies and resist communist influence.

The process by which colonies gained independence from imperial powers, accelerating across Asia and Africa after World War II.

Basic freedoms and protections owed to every person, such as life, liberty, and safety from torture, often stated in international declarations.

A system in which government programs provide income support, health care, and education to reduce hardship and inequality.