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Sport Science Level 3 study materials
Sport Science Level 3 study resources

Sport Science Level 3 practice questions

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Question 1Sport and Exercise Science

Which energy system is the primary source of ATP during a maximal sprint lasting approximately 6 seconds?

  1. Oxidative phosphorylation
  2. ATP-PC (phosphagen) system Correct answer.
  3. The Krebs cycle
  4. Aerobic glycolysis

Explanation

The ATP-PC system uses stored creatine phosphate to regenerate ATP extremely rapidly without oxygen, and it dominates during the first several seconds of maximal effort before fatigue sets in. Longer efforts shift reliance to glycolysis and then to aerobic metabolism.

Question 2Sport and Exercise Science

Which muscle fibre type is best suited to sustained, low-intensity activity such as distance running?

  1. Fast-twitch glycolytic fibres
  2. Type IIa fibres
  3. Type I fibres Correct answer.
  4. Type IIx fibres

Explanation

Type I fibres have a high mitochondrial density, high capillary supply and a strong oxidative capacity, making them fatigue-resistant and ideal for prolonged submaximal work. Fast-twitch fibres generate more force but fatigue quickly.

Question 3Sport and Exercise Science

According to the FITT principle, what does the second 'T' represent?

  1. Tension
  2. Type Correct answer.
  3. Tempo
  4. Training age

Explanation

FITT stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type, and it is used to structure and progress training programmes. Type refers to the mode of exercise chosen, such as resistance, aerobic or plyometric work.

Question 4Sport and Exercise Science

Which of the following best describes the anatomical term 'proximal'?

  1. Situated toward the front of the body
  2. Farther from the midline of the body
  3. Located on the outer surface of a structure
  4. Closer to the point of attachment to the trunk Correct answer.

Explanation

Proximal means nearer to the trunk or the point of origin of a limb, for example the shoulder end of the humerus. It is paired with distal, which describes a position farther from the trunk.

Question 5Sport and Exercise Science

What is the primary role of the stretch reflex during a rapid muscle lengthening?

  1. To increase joint range of motion by relaxing the muscle
  2. To reduce neural drive to the motor unit pool
  3. To inhibit the antagonist muscle and reduce force
  4. To trigger contraction of the stretched muscle to resist the lengthening Correct answer.

Explanation

Muscle spindles detect the rate and magnitude of stretch and signal the stretched muscle to contract, providing a protective and force-enhancing response. This reflex underlies the potentiation seen in plyometric actions.

Question 6Sport and Exercise Science

Which measure is the most direct indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness?

  1. Body mass index
  2. Resting heart rate
  3. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) Correct answer.
  4. Blood lactate at rest

Explanation

VO2max quantifies the maximum rate at which oxygen can be taken up and used during exercise, reflecting the integrated capacity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It is widely used as the criterion measure of aerobic fitness.

Question 7Sport and Exercise Science

Which macronutrient provides the highest energy yield per gram?

  1. Fat Correct answer.
  2. Carbohydrate
  3. Water
  4. Protein

Explanation

Fat yields approximately 9 kilocalories per gram, compared with about 4 for carbohydrate and protein. This makes fat the most energy-dense macronutrient, though its oxidation rate is lower during high-intensity exercise.

Question 8Sport and Exercise Science

In a concentric muscle action, what happens to the muscle?

  1. It produces force without changing length
  2. It lengthens while producing force
  3. It shortens while producing force Correct answer.
  4. It relaxes completely under load

Explanation

Concentric actions occur when the muscle generates tension and shortens, such as when the biceps lifts a dumbbell during a curl. This contrasts with eccentric and isometric actions.

Question 9Sport and Exercise Science

A coach wants to develop maximal strength in a trained athlete. Which loading prescription is most appropriate?

  1. 3 sets of 20 repetitions at 40% of one-repetition maximum
  2. 1 set of 30 repetitions at 30% of one-repetition maximum
  3. 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 85% of one-repetition maximum Correct answer.
  4. 2 sets of 15 repetitions at 55% of one-repetition maximum

Explanation

Maximal strength is best developed with heavy loads, generally above 80% of one-repetition maximum, performed for low repetitions with multiple sets. This produces high mechanical tension and neural adaptations that favour force output.

Question 10Sport and Exercise Science

An athlete performs a repeated-sprint session and their performance declines markedly across repetitions. Which factor most directly explains this decline?

  1. An increase in muscle glycogen stores
  2. Depletion of intramuscular phosphocreatine and accumulation of hydrogen ions Correct answer.
  3. Increased resting stroke volume
  4. Improved motor unit recruitment

Explanation

Repeated maximal sprints deplete phosphocreatine and rely increasingly on glycolysis, which lowers intramuscular pH and impairs contractile function. These metabolic changes are the main cause of the performance decrement across repetitions.

Question 11Sport and Exercise Science

A swimmer trains at a heart rate corresponding to 75% of their maximum. Which training zone does this best represent?

  1. Recovery zone
  2. Maximal speed zone
  3. Aerobic conditioning zone Correct answer.
  4. Alactic power zone

Explanation

Intensities around 70-80% of maximum heart rate fall within the aerobic conditioning zone, where sustained work improves cardiovascular efficiency and endurance. Higher intensities move into anaerobic or maximal zones.

Question 12Sport and Exercise Science

Which best explains why eccentric training can produce greater muscle damage than concentric training at a matched load?

  1. Eccentric actions reduce the involvement of the stretch reflex
  2. Eccentric actions generate higher forces per active fibre and stress the sarcomeres more Correct answer.
  3. Eccentric actions rely entirely on aerobic metabolism
  4. Eccentric actions recruit fewer motor units at a given load

Explanation

During eccentric actions the muscle can resist greater loads with fewer active fibres, so each fibre bears a higher mechanical stress, which increases sarcomere disruption and subsequent delayed-onset muscle soreness. This is why eccentric exercise is both potent and damaging.

Question 13Sport and Exercise Science

Which of the following is the most valid field test of agility with a change of direction?

  1. A 30-metre linear sprint
  2. A sit-and-reach test
  3. A 20-metre multistage shuttle run
  4. The Illinois agility run Correct answer.

Explanation

The Illinois agility run requires accelerations, decelerations and multiple changes of direction, so it measures the ability to change direction rapidly. Linear sprints and aerobic shuttle tests do not capture turning ability in the same way.

Question 14Sport and Exercise Science

What is the main purpose of a warm-up before high-intensity activity?

  1. To lower heart rate and reduce blood flow to muscles
  2. To deplete glycogen stores before exercise
  3. To increase muscle viscosity and joint stiffness
  4. To raise muscle temperature and enhance nerve conduction and blood flow Correct answer.

Explanation

A warm-up raises muscle temperature, which increases enzyme activity, nerve conduction velocity and blood flow, and it can improve force production and reduce injury risk. These physiological changes prepare the body for the demands of the session.

Question 15Sport and Exercise Science

A coach tests an athlete's vertical jump before and after a six-week plyometric programme. Which concept best explains an improvement in jump height?

  1. Reduced motor unit firing rate
  2. Decreased tendon stiffness
  3. Lowered muscle spindle sensitivity
  4. Increased reliance on the stretch-shortening cycle and improved rate of force development Correct answer.

Explanation

Plyometric training enhances the storage and release of elastic energy and improves the nervous system's ability to generate force quickly, both of which raise jump performance. These adaptations reflect better use of the stretch-shortening cycle.

Question 16Sport and Exercise Science

Which of the following best describes the term 'training volume' in resistance training?

  1. The speed at which the bar is moved
  2. The rest interval between sets
  3. The percentage of one-repetition maximum lifted
  4. The total work performed, often expressed as sets multiplied by repetitions Correct answer.

Explanation

Volume quantifies the total amount of work done and is commonly calculated as sets times repetitions, sometimes multiplied by load. It is a key variable for driving hypertrophy and endurance adaptations.

Question 17Sport and Exercise Science

An endurance athlete reports fatigue and a decline in performance. Which monitoring approach best helps identify non-functional overreaching?

  1. Measuring body height
  2. A single resting heart rate measurement
  3. Testing maximal strength once per year
  4. Regular tracking of resting heart rate, sleep quality and perceived recovery over time Correct answer.

Explanation

Non-functional overreaching is identified through trends in multiple markers, including resting heart rate, sleep, mood and perceived recovery, rather than any single measurement. Tracking over time reveals maladaptive responses to training load.

Question 18Sport and Exercise Science

Which biomechanical principle explains why a longer lever arm increases the torque produced by a given muscle force?

  1. Torque equals force divided by the lever length
  2. Torque equals force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the axis Correct answer.
  3. Torque equals mass multiplied by acceleration
  4. Torque is independent of the lever arm

Explanation

Torque is the product of force and the moment arm, which is the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation. Lengthening that distance therefore increases torque for the same force.

Question 19Sport and Exercise Science

Which nutritional strategy is most appropriate to support rapid glycogen resynthesis after prolonged endurance exercise?

  1. Consuming only fat and protein after exercise
  2. Avoiding carbohydrate for several hours after exercise
  3. Restricting fluid intake to reduce body mass
  4. Consuming carbohydrate soon after exercise and repeating at intervals Correct answer.

Explanation

Glycogen resynthesis is fastest when carbohydrate is consumed soon after exercise and then at regular intervals, because muscle is most receptive during the early recovery period. Combining this with adequate fluid supports overall recovery.

Question 20Sport and Exercise Science

Which of the following best describes the principle of specificity?

  1. Training adaptations are specific to the type of stimulus applied Correct answer.
  2. Training must always be performed at maximal intensity
  3. Recovery is unnecessary if training is specific
  4. Training loads should increase every session

Explanation

Specificity means the body adapts to the particular demands placed upon it, so training should resemble the target activity in energy system, movement pattern and intensity. This is why training programmes are designed around the desired outcome.

Question 21Sport and Exercise Science

A sprinter's block start relies heavily on which combination of factors?

  1. High aerobic capacity and low body mass
  2. Reduced muscle stiffness and long ground contact times
  3. Low neural drive and slow contraction times
  4. High rate of force development and efficient motor unit recruitment Correct answer.

Explanation

Explosive starts require rapid force production within very short ground contact times, which depends on high rates of force development and effective recruitment of fast motor units. These qualities allow the athlete to overcome inertia quickly.

Question 22Sport and Exercise Science

Which factor most limits maximal oxygen uptake in a healthy trained individual?

  1. Maximal cardiac output Correct answer.
  2. Mitochondrial density in type I fibres
  3. Pulmonary diffusion capacity
  4. Haemoglobin concentration at rest

Explanation

In healthy trained people, VO2max is primarily limited by the cardiovascular system's ability to deliver oxygen, with maximal cardiac output being the dominant factor. Peripheral adaptations such as mitochondrial density support but do not primarily cap oxygen uptake.

Question 23Sport and Exercise Science

An athlete hyperventilates before a maximal breath-hold. Which physiological change best explains the prolonged breath-hold time?

  1. Decreased haemoglobin saturation
  2. Increased blood lactate concentration
  3. Increased oxygen stores in the blood and reduced carbon dioxide drive Correct answer.
  4. Reduced lung volume at the start of the hold

Explanation

Hyperventilation lowers arterial carbon dioxide, delaying the rise in carbon dioxide that triggers the urge to breathe, while also raising blood oxygen content. The breakpoint is therefore postponed even though oxygen stores are only modestly increased.

Question 24Sport and Exercise Science

Which statement best explains the concept of the lactate threshold in endurance performance?

  1. It is the point at which the body stops using carbohydrate entirely
  2. It is the intensity at which lactate production begins to exceed clearance, and it predicts sustainable pace Correct answer.
  3. It is the maximal heart rate an athlete can achieve
  4. It is the intensity at which oxygen uptake becomes zero

Explanation

The lactate threshold marks the exercise intensity where blood lactate rises above baseline because production outpaces clearance, and it is a strong predictor of sustainable endurance performance. Training at and around this intensity improves the ability to clear lactate.

Question 25Sport and Exercise Science

A coach compares two athletes with identical VO2max values but different running economy. Which explanation best accounts for the performance difference?

  1. Running economy is unrelated to submaximal oxygen cost
  2. The athlete with better economy must have a lower maximal heart rate
  3. The athlete with worse economy has a higher lactate threshold by definition
  4. The athlete with better economy uses less oxygen at a given speed and can sustain a higher speed Correct answer.

Explanation

Running economy describes the oxygen cost of running at a given submaximal speed, so a more economical athlete uses less oxygen and can hold a faster pace before reaching their maximal capacity. Two athletes with equal VO2max can therefore differ markedly in performance.

Question 26Sport and Exercise Science

Which structure connects muscle to bone at a joint?

  1. Cartilage
  2. Tendon Correct answer.
  3. Ligament
  4. Fascia

Explanation

Tendons are dense regular connective tissues that transmit the force generated by muscle contraction to bone, allowing movement at a joint. Ligaments instead join bone to bone, cartilage lines articular surfaces, and fascia wraps and binds structures.

Question 27Sport and Exercise Science

During which phase of a sprint stride does the foot contact the ground?

  1. Recovery phase
  2. Flight phase
  3. Swing phase
  4. Stance phase Correct answer.

Explanation

The stance phase is the period during which the foot is in contact with the ground and the body is supported and propelled. The swing and recovery phases occur while the limb is airborne, and flight phase refers to the period when neither foot is in contact with the ground.

Question 28Sport and Exercise Science

Which energy system predominates during a maximal effort lasting about 6 seconds?

  1. Aerobic system
  2. Fat oxidation
  3. Anaerobic glycolysis
  4. Phosphocreatine system Correct answer.

Explanation

Very short maximal efforts rely mainly on stored phosphocreatine and ATP, which can supply energy almost instantly but are depleted within seconds. Anaerobic glycolysis contributes more as efforts extend beyond roughly ten seconds, while aerobic and fat-based metabolism dominate longer activities.

Question 29Sport and Exercise Science

Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation?

  1. Left atrium
  2. Left ventricle Correct answer.
  3. Right atrium
  4. Right ventricle

Explanation

The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and ejects it into the aorta to supply the body. The right side of the heart handles deoxygenated blood returning from the tissues and sends it to the lungs.

Question 30Sport and Exercise Science

Which term describes the range of motion available at a joint?

  1. Coordination
  2. Flexibility Correct answer.
  3. Stability
  4. Power

Explanation

Flexibility refers specifically to the range of motion achievable at a joint or group of joints. Stability concerns resistance to displacement, power concerns force production over time, and coordination concerns the organisation of movement.

Question 31Sport and Exercise Science

What does a body mass index value represent?

  1. Lean mass per unit height
  2. Body fat percentage
  3. Waist-to-hip ratio
  4. Weight relative to height Correct answer.

Explanation

Body mass index is calculated by dividing body mass in kilograms by the square of height in metres, giving a weight-for-height index. It does not measure body composition directly, so it cannot distinguish fat mass from lean mass.

Question 32Sport and Exercise Science

Which practice best supports an athlete's recovery after a demanding training session?

  1. Restricting fluid intake until the next morning
  2. Extending the session with extra high-intensity intervals
  3. Combining adequate sleep with protein-containing nutrition Correct answer.
  4. Skipping the cool-down to save time

Explanation

Recovery is supported by sufficient sleep, rehydration and protein intake to repair tissue and restore glycogen. Adding unplanned high-intensity work, limiting fluids or omitting cool-down routines impairs rather than enhances the recovery process.

Question 33Sport and Exercise Science

Which measurement is taken at the quadriceps to estimate body composition by skinfold?

  1. Supraspinal
  2. Biceps
  3. Front thigh Correct answer.
  4. Iliac crest

Explanation

The front thigh skinfold is taken vertically on the anterior thigh over the quadriceps, midway between the hip and knee. The iliac crest, supraspinal and biceps sites are located elsewhere and sample different regions of subcutaneous fat.

Question 34Sport and Exercise Science

A coach wants to improve an athlete's aerobic capacity over 12 weeks. Which progression best reflects the overload principle?

  1. Gradually increasing training frequency or duration as fitness improves Correct answer.
  2. Reducing training to once per week
  3. Repeating the same session until it feels easy
  4. Keeping training exactly the same each week

Explanation

The overload principle requires training stress to be progressively increased beyond current capacity so that adaptation continues. Keeping the stimulus constant allows the body to adapt and then plateau, while reducing frequency does not provide sufficient stimulus.

Question 35Sport and Exercise Science

An athlete performs a set of 12 repetitions at 65% of one-repetition maximum. Which adaptation is this prescription primarily designed to develop?

  1. Explosive power
  2. Flexibility
  3. Maximal strength
  4. Muscular endurance Correct answer.

Explanation

Moderate loads performed for higher repetitions with short recovery primarily stress local muscular endurance. Maximal strength requires heavier loads and fewer repetitions, while explosive power requires light-to-moderate loads moved at high velocity.

Question 36Sport and Exercise Science

Which physiological response occurs during steady-state submaximal exercise in a hot environment?

  1. Increased heart rate and sweating Correct answer.
  2. Reduced skin blood flow
  3. Lower core temperature
  4. Decreased cardiac output

Explanation

In heat, the body redistributes blood to the skin and increases sweat production to dissipate heat, which raises heart rate at a given workload. Core temperature rises rather than falls, and cardiac output is maintained or increased rather than decreased.

Question 37Sport and Exercise Science

Which factor best explains the increased risk of overuse injury when training load rises very rapidly?

  1. Tissue adaptation lags behind the applied load Correct answer.
  2. Muscle glycogen stores are depleted
  3. Joint range of motion increases too quickly
  4. Body fat percentage falls

Explanation

Connective tissue and bone adapt more slowly than the neuromuscular system, so a rapid rise in load can exceed tissue tolerance and lead to overuse injury. Glycogen depletion and body composition changes affect performance but are not the primary mechanism of overuse injury.

Question 38Sport and Exercise Science

Which mechanism best explains the increase in stroke volume after prolonged endurance training?

  1. Lower capillary density in muscle
  2. Reduced plasma volume
  3. Increased left ventricular chamber size and filling Correct answer.
  4. Decreased venous return

Explanation

Endurance training enlarges the left ventricular cavity and increases plasma volume, so more blood fills the heart and stroke volume rises. Reduced plasma volume, lower capillary density and decreased venous return would all reduce rather than increase stroke volume.

Question 39Sport and Exercise Science

A coach measures a 30-metre sprint time to assess acceleration. Which factor most threatens the reliability of this test?

  1. Testing on the same surface
  2. Using electronic timing gates
  3. Standardising the starting position
  4. Inconsistent timing method between trials Correct answer.

Explanation

Reliability depends on consistent measurement conditions, and changing the timing method between trials introduces measurement error. Electronic gates, standardised starts and a consistent surface all improve rather than threaten reliability.

Question 40Sport and Exercise Science

Which physiological change is the primary reason for the rise in ventilation at the onset of exercise?

  1. A fall in body temperature
  2. A decrease in blood carbon dioxide
  3. Neural drive from the motor cortex and active muscles Correct answer.
  4. Reduced sympathetic activity

Explanation

The rapid rise in ventilation at exercise onset is largely driven by neural signals from the motor cortex and afferent feedback from contracting muscles. Changes in blood gases and temperature occur later and contribute to the slower phase of the response.

Question 41Sport and Exercise Science

Which method of estimating body fat uses a small electrical current passed through the body?

  1. Air displacement plethysmography
  2. Bioelectrical impedance analysis Correct answer.
  3. Hydrostatic weighing
  4. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Explanation

Bioelectrical impedance analysis estimates body composition from the resistance of body tissues to a small alternating current. Hydrostatic weighing uses water displacement, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry uses differential X-ray attenuation, and plethysmography measures displaced air volume.

Question 42Sport and Exercise Science

An athlete wants to improve single-leg balance for rehabilitation. Which progression is most appropriate?

  1. Holding a two-legged stance with eyes open only
  2. Standing on one leg with eyes closed on a stable floor before progressing to an unstable surface Correct answer.
  3. Avoiding balance work until pain is completely absent
  4. Immediately performing single-leg hops on a trampoline

Explanation

Balance rehabilitation should progress from easier to harder conditions, so a stable single-leg stance with reduced vision precedes unstable surfaces. Jumping straight to demanding dynamic tasks or omitting balance work entirely does not follow a safe progressive overload.

Question 43Sport and Exercise Science

Which term describes the tendency of a body to resist a change in its state of motion?

  1. Momentum
  2. Inertia Correct answer.
  3. Velocity
  4. Impulse

Explanation

Inertia is the property of a body to resist changes in its state of motion and is proportional to mass. Momentum is mass multiplied by velocity, impulse is force multiplied by time, and velocity describes the rate of change of displacement.

Question 44Sport and Exercise Science

An athlete lands from a jump with stiff, straight legs. Which change would most reduce the landing force?

  1. Increasing the time over which the body decelerates Correct answer.
  2. Reducing the range of hip and knee flexion
  3. Increasing landing height
  4. Locking the knees on contact

Explanation

Impulse equals force multiplied by time, so for a given change in momentum, extending the deceleration time lowers the peak force. Increasing landing height or stiffening the legs shortens the deceleration time and raises the force.

Question 45Sport and Exercise Science

Which statement best explains why a carbohydrate mouth rinse can improve performance in some short endurance efforts?

  1. It increases oxygen-carrying capacity
  2. It raises muscle glycogen stores
  3. It increases blood glucose concentration
  4. It stimulates oral receptors that influence the central nervous system Correct answer.

Explanation

A carbohydrate mouth rinse is thought to act through oral carbohydrate receptors that signal reward and motor drive in the central nervous system. Because the solution is not swallowed in sufficient quantity, it does not meaningfully change blood glucose, muscle glycogen or oxygen-carrying capacity.

Question 46Sport and Exercise Science

A coach wants to compare the relative intensity of two athletes performing the same absolute running speed. Which approach is most appropriate?

  1. Compare their body masses only
  2. Use the same training zone for both regardless of fitness
  3. Express intensity relative to each athlete's measured maximal or threshold values Correct answer.
  4. Compare their absolute heart rates only

Explanation

Relative intensity should be anchored to each individual's physiological reference values, such as maximal heart rate, lactate threshold or maximal oxygen uptake. Absolute heart rate or a shared zone ignores differences in fitness and can misrepresent the stress imposed on each athlete.

Question 47Sport and Exercise Science

An athlete shows a high heart rate but low perceived exertion during a training session. Which interpretation is most reasonable?

  1. The discrepancy may reflect factors such as heat, dehydration or caffeine that raise heart rate independently of effort Correct answer.
  2. The athlete is certainly overreaching
  3. The heart rate reading must always be discarded
  4. Perceived exertion is always more accurate than heart rate

Explanation

Heart rate can be elevated by heat, dehydration, caffeine, stress or illness without a matching rise in perceived effort, so discrepancies should prompt investigation rather than automatic dismissal. Neither measure is universally superior, and a single session cannot establish overreaching.

Question 48Sport and Exercise Science

Which explanation best accounts for the plateau in oxygen uptake at maximal exercise despite further increases in work rate?

  1. Oxygen delivery and utilisation have reached a ceiling in the exercising muscle Correct answer.
  2. Muscle glycogen has been completely depleted
  3. Ventilation has reached its anatomical limit
  4. Heart rate has fallen below resting values

Explanation

A plateau in oxygen uptake indicates that oxygen consumption has reached a ceiling determined by central delivery and peripheral utilisation rather than by further increases in work. Ventilation is not normally the limiting factor, and glycogen depletion or a fall in heart rate would not produce the classic plateau pattern.

Question 49Sport and Exercise Science

A strength athlete performs heavy squats and then immediately performs a vertical jump test. Which phenomenon might explain an improved jump?

  1. Post-activation potentiation Correct answer.
  2. Peripheral fatigue
  3. Delayed onset muscle soreness
  4. Detraining

Explanation

Post-activation potentiation is the temporary enhancement of force production following a heavy conditioning activity, thought to arise from increased phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains. Soreness and fatigue would impair performance, and detraining develops over weeks of reduced training.

Question 50Sport and Exercise Science

Which factor most directly determines the specificity of adaptation to a resistance programme?

  1. The time of day of testing
  2. The colour of the training facility
  3. The athlete's shoe size
  4. The combination of load, velocity and joint range used in training Correct answer.

Explanation

Adaptations are specific to the load, movement velocity, joint range and muscle action used during training, so these variables determine the transfer to performance. Facility colour, shoe size and testing time do not systematically determine the training adaptation.