VCE Hindi flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Oral exam duration

The VCE Hindi oral runs for about 15 minutes in total: a short presentation of the Detailed Study followed by a 7–10 minute conversation with the examiner about the study and the student's world.

Detailed Study requirement

A text-based investigation on a topic chosen by the student, using a film, novel, play, or other text not set for the written examination, with a written statement submitted to the school beforehand.

Oral weighting

The oral examination contributes 12.5 per cent of the final study score, while the written examination contributes 50 per cent and school-assessed coursework the remaining 37.5 per cent.

Aspirated consonants

Hindi distinguishes aspirated from unaspirated stops, written with the second consonant of each series: ka/kh, ga/gh, ja/jh, ta/th, da/dh, pa/ph, ba/bh.

Retroflex versus dental

Retroflex consonants (Ta, Tha, Da, Dha, Na) are made with the tongue curled back, while dental consonants (ta, tha, da, dha, na) touch the upper teeth; mixing them changes meaning.

Candrabindu nasalisation

The candrabindu mark over a vowel shows nasalisation, as in hain (are) versus hai (is); omitting it can change both pronunciation and meaning in the oral.

Oral three-part answer

A sustained oral answer gives a direct response, adds a supporting example or detail from the studied text, then links to a further point, which keeps the conversation advancing.

Formal register markers

Formal Hindi uses aap for 'you', kripya for 'please', dhanyavaad for 'thank you', and respectful verb forms; informal tu/tum forms are avoided in the examiner conversation.

Oral connectives

Connectors such as iske alaava (besides), iske kaaran (because of this), udaharan ke liye (for example), and doosri or (on the other hand) link ideas and show range.

Culture in oral criteria

The oral criteria reward knowledge of Hindi-speaking cultures as shown through the Detailed Study, so references to customs, regions, or social issues should be tied to evidence from the text.

Oral preparation notes

Notes may be used during the oral only in the form permitted by the examination rules; the Detailed Study statement itself is submitted in advance and is not read aloud verbatim.

Listening text playings

In Section 1 of the written examination, each recorded Hindi text is played twice with a pause between playings, and students answer while listening or immediately afterwards.

Written exam timing

The VCE Hindi written examination allows 15 minutes reading time plus 2 hours 30 minutes writing time, covering listening, reading, and writing sections.

Three written sections

The written paper has Section 1 Listening and Responding, Section 2 Reading and Responding, and Section 3 Writing, each with tasks set in Hindi and instructions about the language of response.

Ergative ne rule

In perfective transitive sentences the subject takes ne (for example, usne likha), and the verb then agrees with the object rather than the subject.

Postposition order

Hindi postpositions follow the noun they govern: ghar mein (in the house), kitaab ko (to the book), dilli se (from Delhi), and they set the noun's case.

Habitual versus progressive

Habitual aspect uses the participle plus hai (vah roz likhta hai, 'he writes daily'), while progressive uses raha/rahi/rahe plus hai (vah likh raha hai, 'he is writing').

Perfective versus perfect

Perfective shows a completed action (usne khaana khaaya, 'she ate the food'), while perfect adds hai to link the past action to the present (usne khaana khaaya hai, 'she has eaten').

Complex sentence markers

Complex Hindi sentences use subordinators such as kyonki (because), agar...to (if...then), jab...tab (when...then), and jo...vah (who/which...that) to join clauses.

Formal letter frame

A Hindi formal letter opens with aadar or namaste, gives the sender's address and date, states the subject (vishay), then the body, and closes with dhanyavaad and bhavadeeya.

Article conventions

A Hindi article carries a headline (shirshak), sometimes a byline, an opening that states the issue, body paragraphs with evidence, and a concluding nishkarsh or appeal.

Diary entry features

A diary entry uses first person, a date, informal reflective tone, and past or present tense; it records feelings and events rather than addressing an external audience.

Speech opening formula

A Hindi speech typically opens with aadarniya sabha pati, manch par upasthit sabhi log, and a greeting, then states the topic, develops arguments, and ends with dhanyavaad.

Reading extended response

Section 2 includes an extended response requiring interpretation of the text's purpose, audience, and tone, supported by evidence, rather than literal copying of sentences.

Writing task text types

Section 3 asks for two different text types, such as a formal letter, article, speech, review, or diary entry, each for a stated audience, purpose, and length.

Formal connectors

Formal writing uses connectors such as is sandarbh mein (in this context), iske parinamasvaroop (as a result), and nishkarsh mein (in conclusion) to structure argument.

Marking of writing

Extended writing is marked for content and ideas, range and accuracy of vocabulary and grammar, register and text-type conventions, and fulfilment of the stated communicative purpose.

Language of response

Instructions state whether an answer must be in Hindi or English; responses in the wrong language, or copied wholesale from the stimulus, do not receive full credit.

Note-form answers

Some listening and reading questions require note form, meaning short phrases or bullet points rather than full sentences, and the specified form must be followed to earn marks.

Verb agreement with ne

When the subject carries ne in a perfective transitive clause, the verb agrees with the object: usne kitaabein kharidi (feminine plural object), not kharida.

Numbers and counters

Hindi numbers agree with the counted noun's gender in direct case (do ladke, do ladkiyaan), and many nouns take counters or measure words; accuracy here affects writing marks.

Formal closing formulas

Formal Hindi correspondence closes with dhanyavaad (thank you), aapka/aapki (yours), and bhavadeeya (sincerely), with the name and designation placed below.

Cultural reference in writing

Writing tasks reward appropriate cultural reference, such as festivals, family structures, or regional customs, when it is relevant to the stated audience and purpose.