NAPLAN Numeracy flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Narrative structure
- A story pattern including orientation, complication, rising action, climax, resolution, and optional coda. Each part has a specific function in developing plot and character.
- Persuasive essay structure
- An argument text with an introduction stating a thesis, body paragraphs presenting claims with evidence and explanation, and a conclusion that restates the thesis and summarises key points.
- Topic sentence
- The sentence that states the main idea of a paragraph, usually placed first. It controls the content of the paragraph and links to the overall text.
- Cohesive devices
- Words and phrases such as pronouns, conjunctions, and repeated key terms that connect ideas across sentences and paragraphs, making a text flow smoothly.
- Compound sentence
- A sentence made of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) or a semicolon.
- Complex sentence
- A sentence containing one independent clause and at least one dependent clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction such as because, although, while, or if.
- Show, don't tell
- A writing technique that uses sensory details and action verbs to let readers infer emotions or setting, rather than stating them directly with adjectives.
- Semicolon use
- A punctuation mark used to join two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction, or to separate items in a list that already contain commas.
- Main idea
- The central point or message of a text. It may be stated explicitly in a topic sentence or introduction, or implied through repeated ideas and details.
- Supporting details
- Facts, examples, reasons, or statistics that explain, illustrate, or prove the main idea. They answer questions such as who, what, when, where, why, and how.
- Inference
- A logical conclusion drawn from evidence in the text combined with background knowledge. It is not stated directly but is strongly suggested by clues.
- Author's purpose
- The reason an author writes a text: to inform, persuade, entertain, or instruct. Purpose is revealed through language choice, tone, and structure.
- Tone
- The author's attitude toward the subject or audience, conveyed through word choice and sentence structure. Examples include formal, sarcastic, optimistic, and critical.
- Text structure
- The organisational pattern of a text, such as chronological, cause-effect, compare-contrast, problem-solution, or description. Signal words often indicate the structure.
- Fact versus opinion
- A fact is a statement that can be verified with evidence. An opinion expresses a belief, feeling, or judgment and often includes evaluative words like best or should.
- Summarising
- Condensing a text by stating its main idea and key supporting details in your own words, while omitting minor details and examples.
- Context clues
- Words, phrases, or sentence logic surrounding an unknown word that help a reader infer its meaning. Types include definition, example, contrast, and cause-effect clues.
- Subject-verb agreement
- The rule that a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb, ignoring intervening phrases such as 'of apples' in 'the box of apples is'.
- Pronoun-antecedent agreement
- A pronoun must match its antecedent in number and gender. Indefinite pronouns such as everyone, each, and somebody are singular and take singular pronouns.
- Comma splice
- An error in which two independent clauses are joined only by a comma. It can be fixed with a period, semicolon, or coordinating conjunction.
- Apostrophe rules
- Use 's for singular possessives (the dog's bone) and s' for plural possessives (the dogs' bones). Contractions use an apostrophe (it's = it is; its = possessive).
- Homophones
- Words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings, such as their/they're/there, your/you're, its/it's, and to/too/two.
- Capitalisation rules
- Capitalise the first word of a sentence, proper nouns, titles, days, months, and the pronoun I. Common nouns are not capitalised unless they begin a sentence.
- Tense consistency
- Maintaining the same verb tense throughout a sentence or paragraph unless a shift is logically required by a change in time frame.
- Spelling rule: i before e
- Write i before e except after c, or when the sound is 'ay' as in neighbour or weigh. Exceptions include seize, weird, and protein.
- Order of operations
- The sequence for evaluating expressions: brackets first, then exponents, then multiplication and division from left to right, then addition and subtraction from left to right.
- Adding fractions
- To add or subtract fractions, first find a common denominator, then add or subtract the numerators while keeping the denominator the same, and simplify if possible.
- Dividing fractions
- To divide by a fraction, multiply by its reciprocal. For example, 3/4 ÷ 2/5 equals 3/4 × 5/2, which equals 15/8 or 1 7/8.
- Percent change
- The formula (new value − old value) ÷ old value × 100% gives the percent increase or decrease. A positive result indicates an increase; a negative result indicates a decrease.
- Area formulas
- Rectangle area = length × width; triangle area = ½ × base × height; circle area = πr². Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(length + width); circumference = 2πr.
- Measures of centre
- Mean = sum of values ÷ number of values; median = middle value when data are ordered; mode = most frequent value. Range = maximum − minimum.
- Probability
- The chance of an event occurring, calculated as the number of favourable outcomes divided by the total number of equally likely outcomes. Values range from 0 to 1.