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ACP Revit for Electrical Design practice questions

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Question 1Project Setup and Collaboration

In a Revit project, which element stores the coordinate system, project units, and project-wide settings that all linked models must reference?

  1. The active view's view template
  2. The shared parameters file
  3. The central model's project information settings
  4. The project base point and survey point hosted in the site model Correct answer.

Explanation

The project base point and survey point are the reference geometry that establishes internal origin and real-world coordinates. Linked models align to these points through Acquire or Publish Coordinates, so consistency depends on them rather than on view-level settings.

Question 2Project Setup and Collaboration

An electrical team needs every lighting fixture to carry a circuit identifier that appears in schedules. Which setup step makes that field available project-wide?

  1. Assign a view template to the lighting plan
  2. Add a project parameter bound to the Lighting Fixtures category Correct answer.
  3. Enable worksharing on the central model
  4. Create a view filter for the Lighting Fixtures category

Explanation

A project parameter bound to a category creates a new schedulable field on every instance or type of that category. View filters, worksharing, and view templates affect display or collaboration but do not add data fields to schedules.

Question 3Project Setup and Collaboration

Which file type should be used to transfer standards such as line styles, fill patterns, and object styles from one project to another?

  1. A project template (.rte)
  2. A transfer standards operation between open projects Correct answer.
  3. A Revit link (.rvt)
  4. A family file (.rfa)

Explanation

Transfer Project Standards copies selected categories of settings, including object styles, line patterns, and fill patterns, from one open project to another. Templates seed new projects but do not merge settings into an existing one.

Question 4Project Setup and Collaboration

When creating a central model for a multi-discipline team, what must be done immediately after enabling worksharing?

  1. Save the file as the central model to a shared location Correct answer.
  2. Synchronize with central from a local copy
  3. Detach the model from central
  4. Publish coordinates to all linked models

Explanation

Enabling worksharing converts the file so that a central copy must be saved to a network location everyone can reach. Users then create local copies from that central file and synchronize changes back to it.

Question 5Project Setup and Collaboration

What is the primary purpose of creating worksets in a Revit model?

  1. To convert element data into schedule-ready tables
  2. To divide ownership of model elements among team members and control load behavior Correct answer.
  3. To control which categories are visible in each view
  4. To lock the model against any edits after issue

Explanation

Worksets group elements so that ownership can be assigned to users and so that portions of the model can be opened or closed to manage performance. They are a collaboration and loading mechanism, not a visibility or scheduling tool.

Question 6Project Setup and Collaboration

Which command should be used so that a linked architectural model adopts the electrical model's coordinate system?

  1. Bind Link
  2. Publish Coordinates Correct answer.
  3. Reload From
  4. Acquire Coordinates

Explanation

Publish Coordinates pushes the host model's shared coordinate system into a linked model, so the link aligns with the host. Acquire Coordinates performs the reverse, pulling coordinates from the link into the host.

Question 7Project Setup and Collaboration

An electrical designer wants a standard set of panel schedules and lighting plans to appear automatically in every new project. What is the appropriate setup?

  1. Export the views to DWG and reimport them
  2. Store the views in a family file
  3. Add the views to a shared parameters file
  4. Save the views in a project template (.rte) Correct answer.

Explanation

A project template stores predefined views, schedules, sheets, and standards that are inherited by every new project created from it. Families and shared parameter files cannot carry views or schedules.

Question 8Project Setup and Collaboration

Which setting determines whether a parameter can be scheduled and tagged across multiple categories at once?

  1. The parameter's instance versus type setting
  2. The parameter's discipline setting
  3. Whether it is a shared parameter Correct answer.
  4. The parameter group assignment

Explanation

Shared parameters are defined in an external file and can be bound to multiple categories, allowing consistent scheduling and tagging. Discipline, group, and instance/type settings affect organization and behavior but not cross-category reuse.

Question 9Project Setup and Collaboration

Two team members need to edit elements on the same workset simultaneously. What happens when the second user edits an element already borrowed by the first?

  1. Revit opens the central model read-only for both users
  2. Revit denies the edit and reports that the element is owned by another user Correct answer.
  3. Revit grants joint ownership and merges edits on synchronize
  4. Revit automatically creates a new workset for the second user

Explanation

Revit uses element borrowing within worksets, so only one user can own an element at a time. The second user is blocked until the owner relinquishes the element or synchronizes with central.

Question 10Project Setup and Collaboration

A designer needs to align the electrical model to a surveyor's real-world coordinates without moving modeled geometry. Which approach is correct?

  1. Change the project units to decimal degrees
  2. Move the survey point to the known coordinate values Correct answer.
  3. Move all model elements to the origin
  4. Rotate the project north to match true north

Explanation

The survey point represents the shared coordinate origin and can be moved or clipped to match surveyed values while geometry stays in place. Project north rotation and unit changes do not establish real-world coordinates.

Question 11Project Setup and Collaboration

An electrical model must show only the architectural walls and ceilings from a linked model while hiding its furniture. What is the most efficient setup?

  1. Delete the furniture from the architectural model
  2. Use View > Visibility/Graphics to set the link to By linked view
  3. Copy the walls and ceilings into the electrical model
  4. Use the link's Type Properties to set the link to Custom and select only the needed categories Correct answer.

Explanation

Setting a Revit link's display to Custom lets the host control which categories of the linked model are visible, which is efficient and does not alter the source model. Copying elements or editing the architect's file creates coordination risk.

Question 12Project Setup and Collaboration

A user synchronizes with central but keeps ownership of several elements to continue working. What is the effect on other team members?

  1. They are forced to create a new central model
  2. They can edit the elements but their changes are discarded
  3. They cannot borrow those elements until the owner relinquishes them Correct answer.
  4. They can edit those elements because synchronizing releases all ownership

Explanation

Synchronizing with central saves changes but does not automatically release element ownership unless the user chooses to relinquish. Retained ownership blocks other users from borrowing those specific elements.

Question 13Project Setup and Collaboration

Which workflow correctly creates a new local copy of a workshared central model?

  1. Open the central file directly and begin editing
  2. Copy the central file in Windows Explorer and rename it
  3. Detach the central model from central before editing
  4. Use Open and select Create New Local before opening Correct answer.

Explanation

The Create New Local option in the Open dialog generates a local copy linked to central, which is the supported way to begin editing. Editing the central directly or copying files manually risks corruption and lost synchronization.

Question 14Project Setup and Collaboration

An electrical team wants panel schedules to be created automatically when a new panel family type is placed. What must be configured in the project template?

  1. A shared coordinate system for the panel
  2. A panel schedule template assigned to the panel family type Correct answer.
  3. A view filter for electrical equipment
  4. A workset named for panel schedules

Explanation

Panel schedule templates define the layout and default fields applied when a new panel schedule is created for a panel type. Assigning the template in the family type or project settings ensures consistent schedules across the project.

Question 15Project Setup and Collaboration

A shared parameter file is being established for a multi-office firm. What is the key benefit of centralizing it on a network location?

  1. It prevents users from editing parameter values
  2. It automatically creates schedules in every project
  3. It ensures parameter GUIDs remain consistent across projects and offices Correct answer.
  4. It reduces the file size of Revit projects

Explanation

Shared parameters are identified by globally unique identifiers, so using one central definition file keeps the same parameter consistent across projects. Consistency in GUIDs supports reliable schedules, tags, and data exchange.

Question 16Project Setup and Collaboration

During coordination, the electrical model and the architectural link appear offset by several meters. Which check should be performed first?

  1. Check that both models use the same line weight settings
  2. Verify that both models use the same shared coordinate system and project base point alignment Correct answer.
  3. Confirm that both models use the same view scale
  4. Verify that both models were created in the same Revit version

Explanation

Misalignment between linked models is almost always a coordinate issue, so the shared coordinate system and base point alignment should be verified first. View scale, line weights, and version do not shift geometry in space.

Question 17Project Setup and Collaboration

Which method best controls visibility of a linked model's electrical fixtures so they appear on power plans but not on lighting plans?

  1. Unload the link when working on lighting plans
  2. Delete the fixtures from the linked model
  3. Create separate view templates for each plan with link visibility overrides Correct answer.
  4. Place the link on a separate workset and close it

Explanation

View templates can store link display settings, including custom category visibility, so each plan type shows the appropriate link content. Unloading or deleting content disrupts coordination and is not view-specific.

Question 18Project Setup and Collaboration

A project requires that circuit numbers follow a firm standard and cannot be freely edited by users. Which combination achieves this most reliably?

  1. A shared parameter with a validation formula and a schedule key Correct answer.
  2. A text note placed on each plan view
  3. A workset dedicated to circuit numbering
  4. A view filter that hides edited circuit numbers

Explanation

Shared parameters can carry formulas that validate or derive values, and schedule keys standardize data entry. Together they enforce consistent circuit numbering better than manual annotation or visibility tricks.

Question 19Project Setup and Collaboration

What is the recommended practice when a team member needs to work offline with a workshared model?

  1. Edit the central file directly and synchronize later
  2. Detach the model and merge changes manually
  3. Copy elements into a new project and link it back
  4. Create a local copy, work offline, and synchronize when reconnected Correct answer.

Explanation

Working from a local copy preserves the ownership model, and synchronization reconciles changes with central once connectivity returns. Direct central edits or manual merges risk conflicts and data loss.

Question 20Project Setup and Collaboration

An electrical engineer wants to confirm that a linked model's levels match the host model's levels before placing devices. Which approach provides the most reliable verification?

  1. Confirm that both models were saved on the same date
  2. Check that both models use the same color scheme
  3. Compare the file names of both models
  4. Compare level elevations in a section or elevation view with both models visible Correct answer.

Explanation

Viewing both models together in section or elevation lets the team visually confirm that level elevations align. File names, color schemes, and save dates provide no information about spatial alignment.

Question 21Project Setup and Collaboration

A firm wants to enforce that all new projects use the same electrical panel naming convention. Which setup element should be standardized in the template?

  1. The project's default render settings
  2. The default 3D view orientation
  3. The workset naming convention only
  4. The panel schedule template and family type naming parameters Correct answer.

Explanation

Naming conventions are enforced through family type parameters and panel schedule templates stored in the project template. View orientation, render settings, and workset names do not govern panel naming.

Question 22Project Setup and Collaboration

During a coordination review, a linked model is found to have been re-created with a new central file, breaking the existing link. What is the most appropriate corrective action?

  1. Ignore the issue until the next project phase
  2. Copy the linked model's elements into the host model
  3. Reload the link from the new file path and re-verify coordinates Correct answer.
  4. Delete the link and remodel the missing content

Explanation

Reloading the link from the new file path re-establishes the connection, and coordinates must then be re-verified because a re-created model may carry different coordinate data. Remodeling or copying elements duplicates work and breaks coordination.

Question 23Project Setup and Collaboration

A team needs to control which users can edit specific zones of the model while still sharing one central file. Which combination is most appropriate?

  1. View templates per zone with editing locks
  2. Worksets for zones plus element borrowing and permissions Correct answer.
  3. Separate central models per zone with no links
  4. Shared parameters per zone with validation formulas

Explanation

Worksets can group elements by zone, and element borrowing with permissions governs who may edit them within a single central model. Separate models without links or view templates do not provide editing control.

Question 24Project Setup and Collaboration

A project requires that shared parameters used in schedules also appear in tags across multiple categories without duplicate definitions. What must be true of those parameters?

  1. They must be defined in a shared parameter file and bound to each required category Correct answer.
  2. They must be created as project parameters separately for each category
  3. They must be added as type parameters only
  4. They must be placed on a dedicated workset

Explanation

A shared parameter defined once in the shared parameter file can be bound to multiple categories, so a single definition supports tags and schedules across those categories. Duplicate project parameters or type-only parameters do not provide that consistency.

Question 25Project Setup and Collaboration

An electrical model is linked into a federated coordination model. Which practice best preserves the electrical model's coordinate integrity when the federated model is updated?

  1. Rotate the electrical model to match the federated model's view orientation
  2. Acquire coordinates from the electrical model into every other link
  3. Publish coordinates to the electrical model from the federated host and verify afterward Correct answer.
  4. Bind the electrical link into the federated model

Explanation

Publishing coordinates from the federated host aligns the electrical model to the shared system, and verification afterward confirms the alignment held. Acquiring from the wrong source or rotating views does not establish coordinates, and binding removes the live link.

Question 26Project Setup and Collaboration

An electrical team wants every new project to start with the same set of electrical settings, including voltage definitions, distribution systems, and wire sizes. Which setup element should be created and reused?

  1. A workshared central model that is copied for each new project
  2. A shared parameter file that stores voltage and distribution values as parameters
  3. A project template file that stores the electrical settings and is selected when creating projects Correct answer.
  4. A family library folder containing panel families with preset voltages

Explanation

Electrical settings such as voltage definitions, distribution systems, and wire sizes are stored in the project file, so a project template preserves them for every new project created from it. Templates also carry view templates, schedules, and loadable families, which makes them the standard mechanism for firm-wide setup consistency.

Question 27Project Setup and Collaboration

Two electrical designers are working in the same workshared model. One designer needs to edit a panel schedule while the other edits devices on the same panel's circuits. Which statement describes the correct expectation?

  1. Edits are permitted only after the model owner grants permission through the Worksharing Monitor
  2. Each user edits a private copy and changes merge automatically at the next synchronization
  3. Both can edit concurrently because schedules and circuits are stored in separate worksets
  4. The first user to place an element borrows it, and the second user is blocked until it is relinquished Correct answer.

Explanation

In a workshared model, editing an element checks it out to that user, so other users see it as borrowed and cannot modify it until it is relinquished or synchronized. Worksharing Monitor reports who owns elements but does not grant edit permission.

Question 28Project Setup and Collaboration

A firm maintains a shared parameter file on a network drive. An electrical designer adds a new shared parameter for circuit descriptions and wants it usable in schedules and tags across several categories. What must happen after the parameter is added to the shared parameter file?

  1. The parameter must be added to the project through the project parameters dialog and bound to the desired categories Correct answer.
  2. The parameter must be added to each family individually before it can appear in project schedules
  3. The parameter must be placed in a schedule first, after which it becomes available for tagging
  4. The parameter must be saved into the project template before it can be used in the current project

Explanation

A shared parameter file only holds definitions; the parameter becomes part of a project when it is added as a project parameter and bound to the categories that should carry it. Once bound, the same parameter can be scheduled and tagged consistently across those categories.

Question 29Project Setup and Collaboration

An electrical model must be linked into a coordination model hosted by another firm. Which practice best ensures the electrical model's position is preserved when the host links it?

  1. Ask the host team to move the link manually until it visually aligns with the architecture
  2. Publish shared coordinates from the electrical model and have the host acquire coordinates from it Correct answer.
  3. Set the link to origin-to-origin and rely on both models using the same internal origin
  4. Export the electrical model to a neutral format and re-import it at the origin

Explanation

Publishing shared coordinates records the real-world position in the electrical model, and the host can acquire those coordinates so the link lands correctly without manual adjustment. This keeps the link stable if the model is reloaded or re-linked later.

Question 30Project Setup and Collaboration

An electrical designer needs to create a new local copy of a workshared central model before starting work. Which action accomplishes this?

  1. Use Open and select Create New Local, then save the local file to the local drive Correct answer.
  2. Use Save As on the central file to write a copy to the local drive
  3. Open the central model from the network location and begin editing
  4. Use Detach from Central and save the detached file as a new central model

Explanation

Opening a workshared central model with Create New Local selected produces a local copy in the chosen local folder that remains connected to the central model. The designer then works in that local file and synchronizes changes back to central.

Question 31Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

In a Revit electrical project, which dialog is used to define the distribution systems available for assigning voltage and phase characteristics to panels and circuits?

  1. Electrical Settings Correct answer.
  2. Panel Schedule Templates
  3. Family Types
  4. Project Units

Explanation

Electrical Settings is the project-level dialog that holds distribution systems, wiring types, voltage definitions, and load calculation options. Distribution systems defined there become selectable when configuring panels and circuits. Project Units only controls displayed units of measurement, not circuit configuration.

Question 32Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

Which load calculation method in Electrical Settings applies a demand factor that reduces connected load as the number of receptacles increases?

  1. Balanced load
  2. Demand factor Correct answer.
  3. Total connected load
  4. Power factor

Explanation

The demand factor method lets Revit apply a ratio that reduces the calculated load relative to connected load, reflecting diversity among receptacles. Total connected load simply sums all connected values without diversity. Power factor adjusts real versus apparent power and is not a demand-diversity method.

Question 33Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

An electrical designer wants a receptacle family that shows differently on plan views at coarse and fine detail levels. Which family capability provides this?

  1. Phase filters
  2. Worksets
  3. Detail level visibility settings Correct answer.
  4. Design options

Explanation

Families can define geometry visibility per detail level, so simplified symbols appear at coarse scale and richer geometry appears at fine scale. Worksets, design options, and phase filters control collaboration, alternatives, and phasing rather than detail-level display.

Question 34Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

Which parameter type should a shared parameter use so it can be scheduled and also drive a circuit's apparent load value?

  1. Electrical Apparent Power Correct answer.
  2. Yes/No
  3. Integer
  4. Text

Explanation

Electrical Apparent Power is a numeric parameter type measured in volt-amperes, allowing values to be scheduled and aggregated. Text cannot be summed in schedules, and integer or Yes/No types do not carry power units.

Question 35Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

When a receptacle is placed in a plan view and connected to a panel, what does Revit create to represent the connection?

  1. An electrical circuit Correct answer.
  2. A cable tray
  3. A distribution system
  4. A conduit run

Explanation

Connecting an electrical device to a panel creates an electrical circuit element that carries load and can be assigned a circuit number. Conduit and cable tray are physical raceway elements, and distribution systems are definitions rather than the connection itself.

Question 36Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

Which Revit element type is used to represent the logical grouping of panels fed from a common source in the electrical system hierarchy?

  1. Lighting Fixture
  2. Mechanical Equipment
  3. Data Device
  4. Electrical Equipment Correct answer.

Explanation

Electrical Equipment families represent panels and switchboards and can be nested to form a hierarchy of feeders. Lighting fixtures and data devices are loads, not distribution equipment. Mechanical equipment belongs to a different discipline.

Question 37Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

What is the purpose of the 'Spare' circuit designation in a Revit panel schedule?

  1. To reserve breaker space for future circuits Correct answer.
  2. To mark a circuit as faulty
  3. To convert a circuit to a feeder
  4. To balance phases automatically

Explanation

Spare circuits occupy breaker positions in the panel schedule so reserved capacity is documented without assigning connected loads. They are planning placeholders, not fault indicators, and they do not perform balancing or convert circuit types.

Question 38Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

Which setting determines whether Revit displays a warning when a circuit is overloaded relative to its breaker rating?

  1. The view's detail level
  2. The family's visibility parameters
  3. Circuit load calculation settings in Electrical Settings Correct answer.
  4. The project's phase mapping

Explanation

Electrical Settings contains load calculation and circuit configuration options that govern how Revit evaluates and reports circuit loading. Detail level, phase mapping, and family visibility affect graphics and phasing, not load warnings.

Question 39Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

A designer needs a new voltage definition, 480V three-phase, available for panel assignment. Where is this added?

  1. In the Manage Links dialog
  2. In the Distribution Systems tab of Electrical Settings Correct answer.
  3. In the Family Editor for the panel family
  4. In the Project Browser under Views

Explanation

Voltage definitions and their phase configurations are created in the Distribution Systems tab of Electrical Settings. Panel families reference these definitions but do not define voltage values themselves. Project Browser and Manage Links do not manage electrical voltage definitions.

Question 40Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

When creating a custom lighting fixture family, which connector type must be added so the fixture can join an electrical circuit?

  1. Structural connector
  2. Pipe connector
  3. Duct connector
  4. Electrical connector Correct answer.

Explanation

An electrical connector exposes the load and voltage properties Revit needs to place the fixture on a circuit. Duct, pipe, and structural connectors serve other disciplines and cannot carry electrical circuit information.

Question 41Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

A panel schedule shows circuits with connected loads but the total load column remains zero. Which cause is most likely?

  1. The view is set to wireframe
  2. The panel family is set to the wrong detail level
  3. The devices lack electrical connectors or load parameters Correct answer.
  4. The circuits were created in a 3D view

Explanation

Load totals derive from the apparent load values carried through electrical connectors on connected devices. If devices lack connectors or load parameters, no value propagates to the panel. Detail level, visual style, and view type do not affect load computation.

Question 42Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

How can a designer ensure a custom parameter appears in a panel schedule but not in a device tag?

  1. Make it a type parameter and lock the family
  2. Add it as a shared parameter and control its use per schedule and tag independently Correct answer.
  3. Set the parameter to reporting only
  4. Assign it to a workset

Explanation

Shared parameters can be added selectively to schedules and tags, so inclusion in one does not force inclusion in the other. Type parameters, worksets, and reporting status do not govern whether a parameter appears in a tag versus a schedule.

Question 43Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

What happens when a device is circuited to a panel whose distribution system voltage does not match the device's voltage?

  1. Revit automatically converts the device voltage
  2. Revit deletes the panel
  3. Revit changes the project units
  4. Revit flags a mismatch and the circuit may not be created correctly Correct answer.

Explanation

Revit validates voltage compatibility between devices and the panel's distribution system. A mismatch triggers a warning and can prevent a valid circuit. Revit does not silently convert device voltage, delete panels, or alter project units in response.

Question 44Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

Which approach best keeps a receptacle family's circuit load consistent across all instances in a project?

  1. Define the load as a type parameter in the family Correct answer.
  2. Rely on the panel schedule to compute the load
  3. Use a text parameter for the load
  4. Enter the load manually on each instance

Explanation

A type parameter applies one value to every instance of that family type, ensuring consistent load values. Instance entry invites inconsistency, text parameters cannot aggregate numerically, and panel schedules report rather than define load.

Question 45Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

A designer wants to show circuit home runs with tick marks on plan. Which Revit capability supports this?

  1. Electrical circuit wiring with home run annotation Correct answer.
  2. Room color schemes
  3. Duct pressure loss reports
  4. Structural framing tags

Explanation

Revit electrical circuits can display wiring paths and home run annotations with tick marks on plan views. Structural tags, duct reports, and room color schemes belong to unrelated workflows.

Question 46Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

Which panel schedule field is automatically populated from the circuit's connected devices rather than typed by the user?

  1. Voltage
  2. Total estimated demand Correct answer.
  3. Circuit description
  4. Panel name

Explanation

Total estimated demand is computed by Revit from connected loads and demand factors applied to the circuit. Circuit description, panel name, and voltage are user-assigned or definition-driven values rather than computed load totals.

Question 47Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

How does a designer create a nested panel hierarchy where a subpanel is fed from a main switchboard?

  1. Circuit the subpanel as a load on the main switchboard Correct answer.
  2. Rename the subpanel to match the switchboard
  3. Place both panels on the same workset
  4. Assign both panels the same circuit number

Explanation

Treating the subpanel as a load connected to the main switchboard establishes the feeder relationship and builds the hierarchy. Naming, workset assignment, and shared circuit numbers do not create electrical relationships between panels.

Question 48Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

Which parameter must be set on a lighting fixture family so its wattage contributes correctly to circuit load calculations?

  1. Rough width
  2. Color temperature
  3. Lamp lumen value
  4. Apparent load Correct answer.

Explanation

Apparent load carries the volt-ampere value used in circuit and panel load calculations. Dimensional, photometric, and color parameters describe the fixture physically or optically but do not feed load totals.

Question 49Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

A project requires that all receptacle circuits use a specific wire type with defined size and insulation. Where is this configured?

  1. Family visibility settings
  2. Project phasing
  3. Panel schedule templates
  4. Wiring types in Electrical Settings Correct answer.

Explanation

Wiring types define wire material, size, and insulation and are managed in Electrical Settings. Schedule templates, visibility settings, and phasing do not define wire properties.

Question 50Electrical Settings, Families, and Circuiting

A designer needs a circuit's load to reflect a demand factor of 0.8 applied to the connected load. Which configuration achieves this?

  1. Set the load calculation method to demand factor and define the ratio Correct answer.
  2. Set the circuit to spare
  3. Change the panel's voltage definition
  4. Increase the device's apparent load parameter

Explanation

The demand factor method applies a defined ratio to connected load, producing a reduced calculated load. Changing voltage, marking the circuit spare, or inflating connected load does not model diversity correctly.