UNSA Medicine Entrance Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Cell theory

All organisms consist of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells arise only from existing cells by division.

Semiconservative replication

DNA replication produces two helices, each containing one original parental strand and one newly synthesized strand, following complementary base pairing of A-T and G-C.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations only when there is no mutation, no migration, random mating, infinite population size, and no natural selection.

Osmosis

Net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration, driven by the water potential gradient.

Mole concept

One mole contains 6.022 x 10^23 particles; the number of moles equals mass divided by molar mass, and one mole of ideal gas occupies 22.4 L at STP.

Le Chatelier's principle

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by changes in concentration, pressure, or temperature, the equilibrium shifts in the direction that partially offsets the disturbance.

Oxidation and reduction

Oxidation is loss of electrons and an increase in oxidation number; reduction is gain of electrons and a decrease in oxidation number, always occurring together in redox reactions.

Limiting reagent

The reactant that is completely consumed first, determined by dividing each reactant's moles by its stoichiometric coefficient; the smallest quotient identifies it and sets product yield.

pH definition

pH equals the negative base-10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration; at 25 degrees Celsius pH plus pOH equals 14, and pH below 7 indicates acidity.

Newton's second law

The net force acting on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration; force and acceleration point in the same direction as the net force vector.

Conservation of momentum

In an isolated system with no external net force, total momentum before an interaction equals total momentum after; this holds for both elastic and inelastic collisions.

Ohm's law

Current through a conductor equals voltage divided by resistance when temperature is constant; power dissipated equals current times voltage, or current squared times resistance.

Wave equation

Wave speed equals frequency multiplied by wavelength; when a wave enters a new medium, frequency stays constant while speed and wavelength change together.

Simple harmonic motion period

For a mass on a spring the period equals two pi times the square root of mass over spring constant; for a pendulum it depends on length and gravity, not mass.

Quadratic formula

For ax squared plus bx plus c equals zero, x equals negative b plus or minus the square root of b squared minus 4ac, all divided by 2a.

Logarithm product rule

The logarithm of a product equals the sum of the logarithms of the factors; the logarithm of a quotient equals the difference, and log of a power brings the exponent forward.

Chain rule

The derivative of a composite function f of g of x equals f prime evaluated at g of x, multiplied by the derivative of g of x.

Fundamental theorem of calculus

The definite integral of a continuous function from a to b equals the antiderivative evaluated at b minus its value at a, linking areas to derivatives.

Law of cosines

In any triangle, the square of one side equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides minus twice their product times the cosine of the included angle.

Geometric series sum

The sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence equals the first term times one minus r to the n, divided by one minus r, for ratio r not equal to one.

Conditional probability

The probability of event A given event B equals the probability of both events occurring divided by the probability of B, provided B has nonzero probability.

Dramatic irony

A narrative situation in which the audience or reader possesses information that a character lacks, so the character's words or actions carry meaning they cannot perceive.

Theme versus topic

The topic is the subject a work is about, such as ambition; the theme is the underlying insight or claim the work develops about that subject.

Dangling modifier

An introductory participial phrase must logically describe the subject of the main clause; otherwise the modifier attaches to the wrong element and the sentence becomes confusing.

Shakespearean sonnet

A fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter organized as three quatrains and a concluding couplet, rhyming ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, often turning in the final couplet.

Classical conditioning

A neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response when presented alone, as in Pavlov's salivation experiments with dogs.

Operant conditioning

Voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences; reinforcement increases behavior frequency while punishment decreases it, whether positive or negative in direction.

Market equilibrium

The price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied; a price above it creates a surplus, a price below it creates a shortage, pushing price back toward equilibrium.

Gross domestic product

The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specified period, excluding intermediate goods and transfer payments.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next-best alternative forgone when a resource is allocated to one use rather than another; it underlies all scarcity-driven economic choices.

Correlation and causation

Two variables changing together does not prove one causes the other; causal claims require temporal precedence, covariation, and control of confounding variables.

Piaget's stages

Cognitive development proceeds through sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages, marked by object permanence, conservation, and abstract reasoning respectively.