BCS Preliminary Test flashcards
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- চর্যাপদ discovery
- Earliest known Bangla text, discovered by Haraprasad Shastri in 1907 in Nepal; composed by Siddhacharyas around 950–1200 CE and reflects tantric Buddhist thought.
- অমিত্রাক্ষর ছন্দ
- Blank verse form without end rhyme, introduced to Bangla by Michael Madhusudan Dutt in Meghnabadh Kavya (1861); became standard for epic and dramatic poetry.
- সমাস definition
- Compound word formation by joining two or more words; main types are dvandva, karmadharaya, tatpurusha, bahuvrihi, dvigu, and avyayibhava, distinguished by semantic relation.
- শব্দের শ্রেণি
- Bangla words are classified by origin into তৎসম (Sanskrit loan), তদ্ভব (evolved from Sanskrit), দেশি (native), and বিদেশি (foreign loan) categories.
- Sonnet structure
- A 14-line poem in iambic pentameter; Shakespearean form has three quatrains and a couplet (rhyme abab cdcd efef gg), while Petrarchan splits into octave and sestet.
- Third conditional
- Expresses an unreal past situation: if + past perfect in the condition, then would/could/might + have + past participle in the result, e.g., If I had known, I would have come.
- Oxymoron
- A figure of speech combining contradictory words for effect, such as 'bitter sweet' or 'living death'; different from paradox, which is a contradictory statement.
- Romanticism
- Late 18th–19th century literary movement emphasizing emotion, nature, imagination and individualism; key English figures include Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, and Byron.
- Compound interest formula
- Amount A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), where P is principal, r annual rate, n compounding periods per year, and t years; interest is A minus P.
- Average speed formula
- Total distance divided by total time; for equal distances travelled at speeds a and b, average speed equals 2ab divided by (a + b).
- Combination formula
- nCr = n! divided by r!(n − r)!, giving the number of unordered selections of r items from n distinct items; order does not matter.
- Profit percentage
- Profit divided by cost price, multiplied by 100; when selling at a loss, use (CP − SP)/CP × 100 and report as a loss percentage.
- Language Movement date
- 21 February 1952, when students in Dhaka demonstrated for Bangla as a state language; now commemorated as International Mother Language Day since 2000.
- Bangladesh Constitution adoption
- Adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1972 and effective 16 December 1972; originally contained a preamble, 11 parts, and 153 articles.
- Sundarbans status
- World's largest contiguous mangrove forest, in southwestern Bangladesh; a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997 and habitat of the Royal Bengal Tiger.
- SAARC founding
- Founded 8 December 1985 in Dhaka by seven South Asian states; Afghanistan joined in 2007 making eight members; secretariat is in Kathmandu.
- UN Security Council
- Primary UN organ for peace and security with 15 members: five permanent (China, France, Russia, UK, USA) with veto power and ten elected for two years.
- Bretton Woods institutions
- IMF and World Bank created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference; IMF oversees monetary stability, World Bank funds development projects; both headquartered in Washington, DC.
- Photosynthesis equation
- 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂; occurs in chloroplasts with chlorophyll, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
- Newton's second law
- The net force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma); the same force accelerates a lighter mass more than a heavier one.
- Earth's core
- Outer core is liquid iron-nickel generating Earth's magnetic field through convection; inner core is solid due to immense pressure despite very high temperature.
- OSI model
- Seven-layer reference model: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application; each layer provides services to the layer above it.
- Binary to decimal
- Each binary digit is multiplied by the power of two matching its position from the right; for example, 1011 equals 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11.
- Primary key
- A database column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table; cannot be null and must be unique within the table.
- HTTPS port
- Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure uses TCP port 443 by default; plain HTTP uses port 80. HTTPS encrypts traffic using TLS.
- Good governance
- Public decision-making and implementation guided by participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus, equity, effectiveness, and accountability, as outlined by UNDP.
- Conflict of interest
- Situation where a person's private interest could improperly influence the discharge of public or professional duties; standard remedy is disclosure and recusal.
- Whistleblowing
- Disclosure by an insider of illegal, unethical, or dangerous practices within an organization; protections vary by jurisdiction and may require reporting to a designated authority.
- Tropic of Cancer
- Latitude line at approximately 23.5 degrees north of the equator; marks the northern limit where the sun can be directly overhead at the June solstice.
- Karnaphuli River
- Major river of southeastern Bangladesh flowing through Chittagong Hill Tracts to the Bay of Bengal; notable as one of the few large rivers rising within Bangladesh.
- Montreal Protocol
- 1987 international treaty phasing out ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs and halons; widely ratified and credited with stratospheric ozone recovery.
- Paris Agreement
- 2015 global climate treaty aiming to keep warming well below 2°C and pursue 1.5°C; parties submit nationally determined contributions reviewed every five years.